Ni kenshi tubona abarimu n’abanyeshuli bambara imyambaro idakunzwe kwambarwa n'ubonetse wese tukibaza imva n'imvano yayo? Twaguteguriye amateka y'iyi myambaro ikunzwe kwambarwa ku munsi wo guhabwa impamyabumenyi n’impamyabushobozi n’abanyeshuli ba za kaminuza.
Ushobora kuba ugiye gusoza amasomo yawe muri kaminuza, cyangwa se waranayasoje. Wigeze wibaza iriya myambaro yambarwa n'abanyeshuri cyangwa se abarimu aho ituruka? Ibi, ntabwo ari ibije vuba aha, kuko iyi myambaro yahozeho, ndetse yaranakoreshwaga cyane. Mu gihe cyashize yambarwaga n’abanyeshuli buri munsi. Mbega byasaga nka kwa kundi umwana w’umunyeshuri aba agomba kujya ku ishuri yambaye impuzankano (Uniform) cyangwa umwambaro w’ishuri.
Hagati y’ikinyejana cya 12 na
13, niho amateka agaragaza ko hatangijwe kwambara iyi myenda, yambarwaga mu
gihe za kaminuza zari mu matwara ya Kiliziya Gaturika. Byasabaga ko abanyeshuri
bambara iyi myenda bagomba kuba biga ibijyanye n’iyobokamana, kwiga kwandika,
ndetse n’ibijyanye no kuyobora. Ibyo, byakorwaga na bamwe mu bihaye Imana.
Bigatuma ari nabo batangaga amasomo kenshi, kuko babaga barize.
Gusa bivugwa ko yambarwaga mu
rwego rwo gushyushya umubiri, bitewe n’uko abayambaraga babaga bari mu mazu
akonje, cyangwa se batari hafi y’ubushyuhe. Hanyuma bakambara icyo gikanzu,
ndetse n’ingofero yayo ngo bashyushye umubiri.
Iyi myambaro yaje kugirwa
ihame, ngo ikoreshwe nk’imyambaro ya kaminuza mu mwaka wa 1321, ubwo Kaminuza ya Coimbra yasabaga ko aba
‘Doctor, Bachelor, Licentiate’ bagomba kwambara iyo myambaro. Bivugwa ko iyi
myambaro yabaga iri mu ibara ry’umukara kuko byagaragazaga agaciro ko
kwiga. Gusa, kuko ibi byasaga nk’ ibikorwa n’ abihayimana, byaje gukurwaho n’
ubutegetsi bw’u Bwongereza mu mwaka wa 1858. Ubwo, ibyo kwigisha biba biretse
kwiharirwa n’abihayimana gusa.
Mu Uburayi, hakomeje kugaragara
impinduka nyinshi mu gushyiraho iyi myambaro. Bitandukanye n’Amerika, ho bari
baremeje imyambaro, ndetse n’ amabara agomba kwambarwa bitewe n’ikiciro cy’amasomo ndetse n’icy’amashuri. Ibyo, byagezweho ku bufatanye na Gardner
Cotrell Leonard wa Albany, New York. Bwana Leonard, yafashe icyemezo
akorera abanyeshuri be iyi myambaro muri ‘Williams College’ mu mwaka wa 1887.
Bitewe n’ubushake bwana Leonard yagaragaje mu ugukora iyi myambaro, ndetse no kubikoraho inyandiko, yaje gutumirwa mu itsinda ryagombaga kwiga ku myambaro inoze y’abanyeshuri ba kaminuza, ndetse n’amabara yakoreshwa bitewe n’ icy’ umuntu yigamo. Iyi nama yateraniye muri Kaminuza ya Columbia mu 1895.
Nyuma yaho gato, mu mwaka wa
1932, Inama nkuru y’ uburezi muri Amerika yaje gusaba ko ibyemejwe mu itegeko
ryo 1895 bigomba gusubirwamo. Ubwo nanone, mu mwaka wa 1986 haje gusubirwamo
ibyemejwe mu 1932, haza kongerwamo ko ibara ry’ubururu bwijimye rigenewe
abafite Impamyabumenyi y’ikirenga (Ph.D. Doctor of Philosophy).
Umwanditsi:
Muhawenimana Faridi-InyaRwanda.com
TANGA IGITECYEREZO