Amateka ya Marishali Idriss Déby Itno wari umaze imyaka irenga 30 ari Perezida wa Tchad: Yari afite abagore 12, yibarutse Jenerali ushobora kuba amusimbuye

Umusirikare w’ipeti rya Marishali irya nyuma mu gisirikare rifitwe na bacye ku Isi kandi ryagizwe na bacye, uwo nta wundi ni Perezida Idriss Deby Itno wavutse mu mwaka wa 1952 hari ku itariki ya 18 Kamena agatabaruka kuwa 20 Mata 2021.

Yari umusilamu n'umukuru w'igihugu cya Tchad, wagiye ku butegetsi mu mwaka wa 1990 bivuze ko yari amaze ku butegetsi imyaka igera kuri 31. Ni nawe wari umugaba w'ikirenga w'ingabo za Tchad akanaba uhagarariye ishyaka rya ‘Patriotic Salvation Movement’ yashinze ubwo yari mu buhungiro muri Sudan.

Idris akomoka mu bwoko bwa ‘Bidyat’, yagiye ku butegetsi, nyuma yo kuyobora inyeshyamba, zahiritse ubutegetsi bwa Perezida Hissene Habre mu Ukuboza 1990. Mu mwaka 1996 nyuma yo gutsinda amatora yakomeje kuyobora igihugu, yongera kwiyamamaza anatsinda amatora yo mu mwaka wa 2001, 2006, 2011, 2016 ubu yari amaze gutangazwa ko yatsindiye manda ya gatandatu mu masaha macye ashize.

Yize amasomo ye mu ishuri ry’umuyobozi w’igihangange mu bo Afurika yagize, umuperezida w’impinduramatwaro no guharanira kwishyira ukizana kwa Afurika, Muammar Gaddafi. Yishwe nyuma y'ibikomerere by'amasasu yarasiwe ku rugamba n’inyeshyamba zirwanya ubutegetsi bwe za FACT.

Amabyiruka n’ubuzima bwa Idris nk’umusirikare

Deby yavutse ku itariki ya 18 Kamena 1962, mu cyaro cya Berdoba ni nko mu birometero 190 uvuye mu mujyi wa Fada mu Majyaruguru ya Tchad.Se umubyara yari umukene wavaga mu bwoko bwa Bidayat mu miryango ya Zaghawa.Idris yakurikiranye amasomo y’idini rya Isilamu mu ishuri rya Tine, akomereza mu ishuri ry'abafaransa muri Fada, udasize n’ishuri rya Franco-Arab mu gace ka Abeche.

Yanize kandi muri Lyce Jacques Moudeina mu gace ka Bonkor, yari afite impamyabumenyi y’icyiciro cya mbere cya kaminuza mu bijyanye na siyansi.Nyuma yo gusoza ibijyanye n’amasomo asanzwe yinjiye mu ishuri rya gisirikare ry'aba ofisiye bato, mu murwa mukuru N’Djamena asoje amasomo ye ya gisrikare. Yoherejwe mu mahugurwa ku mugabane w’uburayi mu gihugu cy’u Bufaransa, aza kugaruka muri Tchad mu mwaka wa 1976 afite impamyabumenyi y’umwuga mu byo gutwara rutema ikirere.

Maze aguma kuba umuntu w’ingenzi kandi w’umwizerwa wa Perezida Felix Malloum no mu bihe bikomeye ubwo Tchad yari yaracitsemo ibice.Muri Gashyantare 1979 yasubiye mu gihugu cy’u Bufaransa, ubwo yagarukaga yasanze igihugu kiri mu bihe by’intambara z'urudaca. Maze arwanira ku ruhande rwa Hissene Habre wari ufite ubufasha buva iburayi, mu gihugu cy’u Bufaransa nyuma y’intambara yamaze umwaka, mu 1982 Habre aba Perezida.

Yahise agira Déby umugaba w’ingabo z’igihugu cye cya Tchad, nawe yiyerekana nk'indwanyi y'akataraboneka ubwo yayoboraga intambara, yakubise itanzitse abarwanyaga ubutegetsi baturutse mu burasirazuba ahagana mu gihugu cya Libya.Mu mwaka wa 1985 Perezida Habre yohereje Idris mu murwa mukuru w’u Bufaransa, Paris kujya kwiga ibijyanye n’amasomo ahambaye y’intambara.

Ubwo yayasozaga mu mwaka wa 1986 yahise agirwa umujyanama mukuru mu by’umutekano mu biro bya Perezida.Mu mwaka wa 1987 yongeye kuyobora urugamba rwakubise intagondwa zavaga mu ruhande rw’igihugu cya Libya. Ni intambara Idris yayoboye afatanije n’abafaransa muri operasiyo yiswe Toyota, ni intambara yateje igihombo gikomeye inashegesha umwanzi.

Yakomeje kujya akubita umwanzi wese wateraga igihugu cya Tchad byatumye we na Perezida ku itariki ya mbere Mata 1989 bongererwa abashinzwe umutekano.Hashingiwe kuri raporo y'umuryango ushinzwe uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu Perezida Habre, yashinjwe guhohotera ikiremwamuntu, kudakurikiza amategeko, iyicarubozo, gufunga inzirikarengane ibihumbi n’ibihumbi adasize n'ivangura.

Mu gihe ibi byabaga byateje igisa n'urwikekwe mu mibanire y’abayobozi bose ba Tchad, maze Perezida Habre ahita ashinja ubugambanyi no gushaka guhirika ubutegetsi abayobozi barimo Idris, Minisitiri Mahamat Iltno n’umugaba w’ingabo Hassan Djamous.Bidatinze Déby yahise ahungira muri Darfur mu gihugu cya Sudani ahava yerecyeza muri Libya, aho yakiwe mu murwa mukuru w’iki gihugu n'umugabo udasanzwe mu babayeho muri Afurika, Perezida wa Libya Gaddafi.

Ba bandi barimo Minisitiri Itno n’umugaba w’ingabo Djamous bahise batabwa muri yombi baza no kwicwa bashinjwa icyaha cy’ubugambanyi.Maze abantu bose baturuka mu bwoko no mu gace kamwe na Idris barashimutwa, barafungwa banatotezwa bikomeye benshi bapfira mu mivundo abandi baricwa.Mu mwaka wa 2016 ni bwo Habre yahamwe n’ibyaha by’intambara mu rukiko mpuzamahanga rubarizwa mu gihugu cya Senegal.

Maze Déby aha amakuru inzego z’ubutasi za Libya, amakuru zari zikenye bituma Gaddafi yemerera ingabo zahiritse ubutegetsi bwa Tchad, ariko na Deby abemerera kubaha imfugwa z’intambara za Libya zari muri Tchad.Kuwa 02 Ukuboza 1990 ishyaka rya Patriotic Salvation Movement ryashinzwe na Idris, rigaterwa inkunga n’igihugu cya Sudan na Libya, bafata ubutegetsi nyuma y’umupangu karundura wahise unashyira iherezo ku butegetsi bwa Perezida Habre.

Ubuzima bwa Idris nka Peredia wa Tchad

Mu mwaka wa 1991 kuwa 28 Gashyantare, ni bwo Deby yemejwe nka Perezida wa Tchad nyuma y’amezi atatu asa n’inzibacyuho yari ayoboye. Mu myaka ibiri yakurikiyeho Deby yarwaniriye ubutegetsi mu buryo bukomeye, ahanganye n’inyeshyamba zabarizwaga mu itsinda rya MDD ry'abarwanashyaka ba Perezida Habre wari warakuwe ku butegetsi.

Mu mwaka wa 1993 ni bwo bwa mbere nyuma y’imyaka itari micye Tchad yabashije gushyiraho amabwiriza yemeza amashyaka, habasha no kuba inama ihuza ishyaka ryari ku butegetsi n'atavuga rumwe naryo, yanitabiriwe n'abadipolomate baturutse no mu bindi bihugu barimo abikorera n’abahagarariye ibihugu byabo.

Nyamara ntibyakuyeho burundu udutero shuma turimo n’utw'ishyaka ryayoborwaga n’umusirikare w’ipeti rya Liyetona witwa Moise Kette ryifuza kuyoborana Leta ibirombe byacukurwagamo bya Doba Basin. Nyuma y'impfu zizinyeshyamba amagana haje kubaho amasezerano y’amahoro hagati y'inyeshyamba na Leta ya Idris mu mwaka wa 1994.

Iby'inyeshyamba ariko ntibyari bigeze ku iherezo kuko hasise haduka indi mitwe y’inyeshyamba, zirwanya ubutegetsi bwa Deby zirimo FARF ya Kette Ally Laokein Barden na FDR yaje kwihuza na MDD hagati y’umwaka wa 1994 na 1995.

Ubutegetsi bwa Deby bwagiye bugirirwa icyizere kuva mu ntangiriro ya 1990 n’ibigo bikomeye birimo na banki y’isi.Hemejwe itegeko nshinga rishya rya Tchad muri Werurwe 1996 nyuma ya referandumu, hahita hategurwa amatora ya perezida muri kamena. Ni amatora yegukanwe na Idris ku majwi angana na mirongo 69%.

Mu mwaka wa 2001 Idris yongeye gutorwa n'amajwi 63.17%, mu mwaka wa 2006 umugambi w'abarwanya ubutegetsi bwa Idris waje guhomba, wari umugambi warimo kurasa indege ye nyamara biba iby'ubusa.Muri mata 2006 habaye imirwano y’ingabo za Leta n’inyeshyamba zari zateye umurwa mukuru w’igihugu N’Djamena.

Ibi byateye umubano wa Sudan na Tchad kuzamo agatotsi, Deby ashinja igihugu cya Sudan kuba inyuma y’umugambi mubisha w’inyeshyamba zateye Leta ye ya Tchad. Yongeye gutsinda amatora kuwa 08 Ugushyingo 2006 yongera kurahirira kuyobora igihugu cya Tchad.Uwo muhango wanitabiriwe na Perezida wa Sudan Omar al Bashir maze we na Deby bongera kwemeranya ku bwiyunge mu buryo bwa kidipolomate.

Inyeshyamba zokeje igitutu ubutegetsi bwa Deby ku buryo bwo hejuru guhera muri Nzeri 2006.Inyeshyamba zakomeje zincengera kugera ubwo zigeze mu murwa mukuru w’igihugu N’Djamena kuwa 02 Gashyantare 2008. Iminsi igera kuri ine kuwa 06 Gashyantare 2008 maze abinyujije mu nama n’abanyamakuru, abatangariza ko ingabo z’igihugu zakubise inyeshyamba zikamusubiza ku isuka inyeshyamba yanise abacancuro b'abanyasudani.

Ikindi cyaranze manda yatsindiye ya 2006 ni referandumu yemejwe n'abarenga 77%.Guhera mu mwaka wa 2000, mu Majyepfo y’Amajyaruguru y’igihugu hatangiye kubakwa inzira zinyuramo amavuta, za kilometero 1070 zihuza igihugu cya Cameroun na Tchad.Uyu mushinga wasojwe mu mwaka wa 2003 wishimirwa na Banki y’isi nk’igikorwa cyiza cy'ingirakamaro kije kinunganira gahunda yo kurwanya ubukene, kuzamura imibereho y’abatagira kivurira no kurengera ibidukikije.

Wahuriweho n’abikorera, banki y’isi na guverinoma zombi ariko igihugu cya Tchad kikaba cyari cyemerewe kubona inyungu z'agera kuri 12.5 yava muri uyu mushinga. Nk'uko amasezerano yasinyweho n'abari bahuriye kuri uyu mushinga abigaragaza. Mu mwaka wa 2006 amahanga yatangiye gusa n'agera amajanja muri uyu mushinga Deby ashinjwa kwifashisha amafaranga ava muri uyu mushinga mu mpamvu ze bwite zitari zifite inyungu rubanda nyamwinshi.

Ni ibintu Leta ya Deby na Deby bamamaganiye kure mu bihe binyuranye, mu mwaka wa 2011 ku itariki ya 25 Mata yongeye gutsinda yanikiye kure abo bari bahanganye mu matora n’amajwi 88.7 bituma yongerwa indi manda nk’umukuru w’igihugu cya Tchad.

Mu bijyanye n’umutekano mu mwaka wa 2012 Deby yohereje ingabo zirenga magana ane zo kujya gufasha igihugu cya Central African Republic, mu guhashya inyeshyamba no kucunga umudendezo wabanyagihugu. Umwaka wakurikiyeho yahise yohereza izindi ngabo zirenga ibihumbi bibiri ubwo ibintu byari byadogereye muri Mali.

Ubuyobozi bwa Idris bwakomeje kugenda bushinjwa ibyaha bya ruswa ibidakwiye nk'uko akanama mpuzamahanga karengera inyungu n’uburenganzira bwa muntu kakomeje kujya kabigarukaho cyane bikaba byaraterwaga n’imikoreshereze isa n'idahwitse y’iby'injizwaga n’umushinga w’amavuta - amafaranga bivugwa ko yashorwaga mu bikorwa byo kwigwizaho imbaraga za gisirikare n’imitungo mu bayobozi.

Mu mwaka wa 2006 iki gihugu kikaba cyarasohotse kiri ku mwanya wa mbere mu bihugu byamunzwe na Ruswa ku rutonde rwasohowe n’ikinyamakuru rurangiranwa cya Forbes. Umwaka wa 2012 Deby yatangije ubukangurambaga bugamije kurandura burundu ruswa ni mu gikorwa cyiswe ‘Operation Cobra’ byaje gutangazwa nyuma ko cyinjije agera kuri miliyoni zirenga 50 z'amadorali.Gusa imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta 'NGOs' yavuze ko iki gikorwa kitari icyo kurwanya ruswa ahubwo cyari cyo gukandagira uwitwa umucyeba wese binyuze mu kumushinja ruswa nyamara hari n'ubwo yabaga idahari.

Mu mwaka wa 2016 iki gihugu cyashyizwe ku mwanya utari mubi wa 147 mu 168 mu byabaswe na ruswa.Ubutegetsi bwa Idris bukaba bwaranaranzwe no gutanga umusada mu bikorwa byo guhashya umutwe w’inyeshyamba n’ibyihebe kabuhariwe wa Boko Haram ubarizwa mu majyaruguru y’igihugu cya Nigeria.

Mu mwaka wa 2015 yatangaje ku bufatanye bw’ibihugu binyuranye bamaze guhashya umutwe w’ibyihebe bya Boko Haram.Mu mwaka wa 2016 mu kwezi kwa Mutarama akaba yaranatsinze amatora yaranahanganye n’umugabo w’icyamamare wari impirimbanyi ya Afurika akaba na Perezida wa Zimbabwe mu matora yo kuyobora umuryango mugari wa Afurika Yunze Ubumwe.

Maze mu ijambo yavuze arahirira uyu mwanya abwira abaperezida b’ibihugu bari bitabiriye uyu muhango ko umwiryane n’amakimbirane ku mugabane wa Afurika bikwiye kugera ku iherezo, ati “Binyuze mu nzira y’imishyikirano cyangwa imirwano……….. tugomba kugera ku iherezo ry'ibihe bidafite umumaro. Ntabwo twagera ku majyambere n’iterambere tuvuga mu gihe tukirwaye iyi ndwara. Dufite kumva ko gukemura ibibazo by'amakimbirane ariyo ntwaro n’intambwe ya mbere dufite gutera ngo tubashe kugera ku bisubizo nka Afurika.”

Kimwe mu byo yari ashyize imbere kikaba cyari ukurwanya byimazeyo umutwe w’inyeshyamba za Boko Harram. Muri Werurwe 2016 umuryango wa Afurika Yunze Ubumwe wemeranya kwegeranya izindi ngabo zo gukomeza ibikorwa bya 'Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF)' zigera ku 10,000.Mu nama ya 21 yo kubungabunga no kurengera ibidukikije COP21 i Paris, Deby yazamuye ikibazo cy'uko ikiyaga cya Tchad gikomeje kwangirika asaba inkunga yo kumufasha mu kurengera iki kiyaga n’ibinyabuzima biri muri cyo

Muri Mata 2016 yongeye gutsinda amatora nyuma yo kongera kugirirwa icyizere n'abo mu ishyaka rye. Umwaka wa 2016 yumvikanye asa n'ushaka gusubiza itegeko nshinga uko ryahoze rikagira manda zigenewe umukuru w’igihugu kuko ibyari byarakozwe muri 2005 byagendanaga n’ibihe bitoroshye by’ubukungu igihugu cyarimo.

Mu mwaka wa 2017 ubuyobozi bwa Idris bwishyuye arenga miliyoni ebyiri z’amadorali nyuma yo gushinjwa gutanga isoko ry’ubucuruzi bw’amavuta ku gihugu cy’ubushinwa hatubahirijwe amategeko mpuzamahanga nk'uko ibiro bishinzwe ubutabera mu gihugu cya Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika cyabimuregaga.

Muri Mutarama mu mwaka wa 2019 ni bwo Minisitiri w’intebe wa Isiraheli Benjamin Netanyahu yatangaje urugendo rwe mu gihugu cya Tchad mu rwego rwo kunoza imigenderanire hagati ya Abayisilamu n’abarabu hamwe n'iki gihugu cya Isiraheli. Umwaka wa 2021 nk'uko byatangajwe kuwa 19 Mata akaba ariwe wari wegukanye amatora y’umukuru w’igihugu n’amajwi 79.32%. Byamuheshaga amahirwe yo kuyobora manda ye ya gatandatu yamazeho amasaha mbarwa. Uyu mugabo akimara gutsindira iyi manda akaba yahise yerecyeza mu rwambariro rw’urugamba mu majyarugu ya Tchad aho ingabo za Leta zihanganiye n’inyeshyamba.

Déby yashyingiranwe inshuro nyinshi aho bibarwa ko yari afite abagore barenga cumi na babiri.Umwana we witwa Brahim yasanzwe yashizemo umwuka mu murwa mukuru w’u Bufaransa ku myaka 27, ni umusore wari waragizwe umujyanama wa Perezida mbere y’urupfu rwe akaba ariko yaranashinjwaga ibyaha birimo no kubangamira abayobozi bakuru.Urupfu rwe rukaba rwatangajwe kuri uyu wa 20 Mata 2021. Mu itangazo ryatanzwe ni uko yapfuye ku myaka 68 yari mu bikorwa byo gutsimbura umwanzi w’inyeshyamba mu Majyaruguru ya Tchad n’inyeshyamba ziyita FACT.