SOBANUIRWA: Menya buri murimo ugize ikorwa rya filime – IGICE CYA 2

Uyu munsi tugiye kujya gufata amashusho ya filime yacu twamaze kwandika, ndetse no gutegura dufite ikipe yuzuye, haba ku bakinnyi ndetse no ku ikipe y’inyuma ya camera (crew), aho tugiye kurebera hamwe icyo buri muntu ugomba kujya muri iki gice agomba gukora. Ahafatirwa amashusho ya filime hazwi ku izina rya 'Set'.

Iki gice twavuga ko kirimo ibyiciro 5 by’ingenzi,  aribyo: DIRECTING kigizwe na Director, Assistant Director 1,2,… hakaba ikiciro cya CINEMATOGRAPHY aricyo kiba gishinzwe imirimo yo gukoresha camera n’amatara mu rwego rwo kubona ishusho yifuzwa, PRODUCTION DESIGN kijyana n’ibijyanye no kwambika ahakinirwa filime ndetse n’abayikina, SOUND bijyanye no gufata amajwi yose ya filime, ndetse n’ikiciro cy’abakinnyi (Actors).

1.DIRECTING:

Director (umuyobozi wa filime) niwe muntu wa mbere uhagarariye iki gice cya 2 aricyo cya PRODUCTION. Director akora akazi gakomeye ko kuyobora abandi bantu bagize ikipe twavuze haruguru mu gushyira inkuru mu mashusho.

Akurikirana imikinire y’abakinnyi niba ijyana n’uko inkuru yanditse, akareba kuri camera niba ishusho yifuza iboneka, akumva amajwi ari gufatwa niba ajyanye n’uko yifuza, n’ibindi byose bizatuma inkuru yanditse ijya mu mashusho.

Iyo habaye ikosa muri umwe mu mirimo yavuzwe haruguru, byose bijya ku mutwe wa director, kimwe n’uko iyo filime ibaye nziza amanota ahabwa director.

Director aba afite abamwungirije. Aha niho haza Assistant Director wa mbere, uwa 2, uwa 3,... bitewe n’ubushobozi.

Assistant Director wa mbere (1^st AD), akora akazi ko guharanira ko ifatwa ry’amashusho rigenda uko ryapanzwe ndetse akanafasha mu gutegurira umuyobozi, abakinnyi n’abandi bagize ikipe aho bakorera. Areberera umunsi ku wundi gahunda y’ifatwa ry’amashusho, ibikoresho ndetse na script agapanga gahunda y’uburyo bigomba gukorwa. Uyu kandi aba anafite ubushobozi bwo kuyobora abakinnyi b’inyuma (extras) mu gihe umuyobozi we ari kuyobora abakinnyi b’ibanze mu ifatwa ry’amashusho.

Assistant director wa 2 (2^nd AD), aba yungirije 1^st AD. Uyu akora akazi ko gufasha uwa mbere gukora iyi mirimo yavuzwe haruguru. 2^nd AD niwe uba ushinzwe imirimo yo guhamagara abantu bose abamenyesha gahunda y’ifatwa ry’amashusho.

Mu bigo bikomeye hari aho baba bafite benshi bageze no mu 10 ba Assistant Directors, ariko hari n’aho baba bafite umwe wenyine kandi agakora iyi mirimo yose bitewe n’ubushobozi.

Script Superavisor: Uyu ashinzwe gukurikirana ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya script, akareba niba nta hantu hibeshywe cyane cyane mu bijyanye n’urukurikirane rw’inkuru mu mikinire (continuité), aho areba ku myenda y’abakinnyi, ibintu bigize ahakinirwa filime, ibyo bisize (make up), n’ibindi bituma mu mashusho hatazagaragaramo ikosa mu rukurikirane.

2. CINEMATOGRAPHY

Iyi ni ikipe ikomeye, kuko bavuga ko ariryo jisho rya filime. Abari muri iki gika nibo bashyira mu bikorwa ibyo umuyobozi yifuza uko filime izamera mu mashusho.

Iyi kipe iba igizwe na Director of Photography (DoP) n’abunganizi be aribo Camera operators, Assistant camera, ndetse na Still Photographer.

Director of Photography (DoP), akorana bya hafi na director kuko director niwe umubwira uko yifuza ko ishusho imera, nawe akabishyira mu bikorwa. DoP akenshi iyo umuyobozi nta bumenyi cyangwa ingufu afite zo kuyobora, usanga akenshi aribo biyoborera filime kuko nibo baba babona neza ibyo inkuru ikeneye kugira ngo ijye mu mashusho.

Si ngombwa ko DoP aba ari nawe ukoresha camera, hari aho aba ari umuntu uri ku ruhande agenzura abakoresha camera aribo bita camera operators, ariko hari n’aho aba DoP ari no kuri camera. Aha iyo bimeze gutya (ari kuri Camera) si ngombwa kumwita DoP, ahubwo ahabwa izina rya Cinematographer.

Assistant Camera, afasha abantu bari gukoresha camera kugenzura ibyangombwa bya camera byose harimo kuzana camera ahakinirwa filime, kumenya niba amabuye ya camera afite umuriro, gushyira ikarita muri camera no kuvana amashusho ku ikarita mu gihe yuzuye, ndetse no kuvana camera ahakinirwa filime mu gihe akazi karangiye.

Iki gice kandi kibamo imirimo yo gukoresha urumuri (lighting) kuko nk’uko twabivugaga, ikintu cyose kigomba gutuma ishusho imera nk’uko yifuzwa kibarirwa muri iki gice. Aha umuntu ukora Lighting uzwi nka Gaffer agomba gupanga amatara ye mu buryo buri butume ukoresha Camera ari bugere ku kigero cy’urumuri yifuza.

Gaffer aba afite abamwungirije aribo Best Boy uyu akaba ari umuntu uba wungirije Gaffer bya hafi, akaba agomba gukora akazi ko kumenya niba ibikoresho bikenewe mu kumurika bihari, akaba ashobora kugera ahakinirwa filime uretse ko biba bitari ngombwa.

Haba kandi n’umutekinisiye uzi neza ibijyanye n’amatara, aho icyo akora aba ari ugushyiraho amatara mu buryo Gaffer yifuza.

3. PRODUCTION DESIGN

Iki gice kiri mu by’ingenzi cyane mu ikorwa rya filime. Abantu bari muri iki gice bakorana cyane na Director, kuko nibo baba bashinzwe kubaka ahakinirwa filime uko handitse mu nkuru, mbere y’uko bifatwa mu mashusho.

Umukuru w’iyi kipe yitwa Production Designer, akaba agenzura imirimo yose yo kwambika ahakinirwa filime ndetse n’abayikina hakurikijwe uko filime yanditse.

PD akorana cyane na director, akamubaza uko yifuza ko ahantu hamera hakurikijwe script maze nawe agategeka:

 Set Designer/decorator kwambika ahagomba gukinirwa filime mu buryo inkuru imeze.

Costume Designer, kumenya uko abakinnyi bagomba kuba bambaye akabambika.

Makeup Artist, kumenya uko buri mukinnyi n’aho agomba gukina agomba gusa ku isura, akamusiga ibirungo byabugenewe kugira ngo ase n’uko asa mu nkuru.

Urugero: byanditse ko umuntu ashya, aha makeup artist agomba gukoresha ubuhanga bwe akamusiga mu buryo bugaragara ko yahiye koko.

Hairstyle artist, kumenya uko umusatsi w’abantu banditse mu nkuru umeze akawukorera abakinnyi bagomba gukina iyo nkuru.

Props master, kumenya utuntu n’utundi dukenewe ahagomba gukinirwa (scene) akadushaka, akatuhashyira hakurikijwe uko inkuru yanditse.

Urugero: muri salon, ku meza harambitse igitabo cy’imibare, n’ikaramu y’igiti.

Muri iyi nteruro igaragaza uburyo ahantu hagomba kuba hubatse, Props zirimo ni ameza, igitabo cy’imibare, n’ikaramu y’igiti. Ibi rero bigomba kuboneka kugira ngo inkuru iri mu mpapuro ishyirwe mu mashusho. Ibindi bintu byose byaba bihari mbere yo kuhubaka, bigomba kuvaho niba hari icyo byakwica mu nkuru cyangwa se bikahaguma niba ntacyo byakwica.

Muri production design, filime nyinshi nyarwanda zikunda kuhapfira cyane. Ngira ngo benshi tumaze kubona filime batubwira ko inkuru bari kutwereka yabaye mu myaka y’1990… ariko ugasanga hari kugaragaramo ibyapa cyangwa ibikorwa byabayeho nyuma y’iyi myaka. Iri ni ikosa rikorwa na production designer, kuko mu bintu bimufasha gutegura ahakinirwa filime ni ukumenya igihe iyo filime inkuru ivuga yabereyemo.

Iki gice kandi usanga akenshi aricyo gihenda kuko iyo ugiye gukora nka filime ivuga inkuru yabayeho mu myaka yo ha mbere, ntabwo biba byoroshye kubona aho uyikinira, cyangwa kubona ibyangombwa bituma inkuru yawe iba iya nyayo yo muri ibyo bihe koko.

Urugero: ugiye gukora inkuru ya filime harimo inzu z’ibigonyi, ko kuri ubu mu Rwanda nyakatsi zacitse wayikura he bya nyabyo? Biragusaba kuyubaka, kandi birahenze.

4. SOUND

Igice cy’ingenzi cyane ku bijyanye n’amajwi y’ibikorerwa mu ikinwa rya filime byanditse mu nkuru haba ibikorwa abakinnyi bakora (actions), amagambo abakinnyi bavuga (dialogues), amajwi y’ibyo bakora ndetse n’ahantu bari (ambiance sound).

Iki gice kibamo sound designer, akaba agomba kumenya amajwi yifuzwa uko ameze agategeka Sound Mixer kuyafata uko yifuza hakaba kandi na Boom Operator ariwe ukoresha mikoro ikoreshwa mu gufata amajwi. Aha bitewe n’uburshobozi buhari, hari ubwo iyi mirimo yose ikorwa n’umuntu umwe gusa.

Hari ubwo amajwi yafashwe mu ikinwa rya filime iyo bigeze mu gice cyo kuyatunganya usanga ari mabi pe! Ku buryo kuyakoresha bidakunda, aha hakaba ariho hakoreshwa uburyo bwo kujya muri studio hagafatwa amajwi meza, buzwi nka ADR (Additional Dialogue Recording).

5. ABAKINNYI

Aba bose twavuze haruguru, ntabwo bagira icyo bakora hatari abakinnyi (actors) kuko nibo baba bagomba guhindura ibyanditswe mu mashusho. Aba nibo gicuruzwa kiba cyazanywe ku isoko, henshi bakaba babita main artists mu rurimi rw’icyongereza.

Aha abakinnyi baba bagomba kuba bazi neza ibyo bagomba gukina, barafashe ibyo bakora (actions) n’amagambo bagomba kuvuga (dialogues). Ni byiza ko, mu rwego rwo kugira ngo abakinnyi batange umusaruro wifuzwa, bagomba gufatwa neza ndetse bagakorerwa ibyangombwa by’ibanze mbere yo gukina, mu rwego rwo kubakura mu mutwe ibindi byose bishobora kuba bibarimo bo bakerekeza imitima yabo ku mukino bagomba gukina.

Mu ifatwa ry’anashusho kandi hakenerwa undi muntu w’ingenzi ariwe Production runner: uyu ni umuntu uba udafite ikindi kintu ashinzwe ahakinirwa filime uretse kuba hafi ya buri muntu wese akamenya icyo ashaka akakimuzanira. Uyu ahanini niwe ushaka ibikenerwa ahakinirwa filime (props), niwe ukorana n’abazana ibiryo (mu gihe biva hanze y’ahakinirwa filime) n’utundi tuntu twose aho aba ashinzwe gufasha abandi.

Akamaro k’umu-runner hari benshi bagasuzugura, ariko akenshi adahari hari imirimo myinshi yadindira. Urugero: umukinnyi akeneye amazi,… uyu adahari byajya bisaba ko hari uva mu kazi ke akajya kuyazana, bikica akazi.

Nyuma yo gushyira buri muntu mu mwanya we na buri kintu mu mwanya wacyo, ACTION!

Mu gice gitaha tuzagaruka ku gice cya 3, turebera hamwe imirimo ikorwa nyuma yo gufata amashusho ndetse n’abayikora.

Iyi nkuru tuyikora twifashishije urubuga rwa Wikipedia ndetse na NFTS.

Mutiganda Janvier