Kubasha gukora telefoni zihambaye mu buryo bwo kurinda amakuru y’abakiriya bayo nicyo cyatumye uruganda rwa Apple rukomeje kuza ku isonga mu gukora izizewe cyane kuko zitabasha kwinjirwamo ndetse abazigura amabanga yabo akarindirwa umutekano kuburyo buhanitse.
Urubanza uru uruganda rufitanye na FBI bapfa iPhone 5C rushobora kuzarangira Apple igamburujwe kuri uyu mugambi wo kubikira ibanga abayigana cyangwa se telefoni zayo zikagira agaciro kurusho igihe rwaba rutsinze.
Byose byatangiriye ku gitero cyahitanye 14 muri California
Ku itariki 02 Ukuboza 2015 nibwo Syed Rizwan Farook n’umugore we Tashfeen Malik bagabye igitero i San Bernardino muri California, muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika . Ni igitero bagabye mu kigo cya Inland Regional Center barasa mu bantu hapfa 14. Nicyo gitero cy’ibyihebe cyahitanye abantu benshi icyarimwe nyuma y’icyabaye muri Nzeli 2001.
Mbere gato y’uko igitero kiba, Tashfeen Malik yari yashyize ubutumwa kuri konti ye ya Facebook agaragaza gushyigikira Leta ya Islam (Etat islamique/Islamic state) nk’uko bitangazwa n’ikinyamakuru le Monde mu nkuru yahaye umutwe ugira uti ’ La Silicon Valley soutient Apple contre le FBI’ yo kuri uyu wa 24 Gashyantare 2016.
Aho igitero cyabereye hatoraguwe telefoni ngendanwa z’abagabye bitero, 2 murizo zasanzwe zangiritse naho imwe yari iri mu modoka ya Syed Rizwan Farook yari ikiri nzima ariko ifungishijwe ijambo ry’ibanga ry’imibare (numeric passcode.)
Ikigo cy’Iperereza cya Amerika, FBI (Federal Bureau of investigation) kirashaka kwinjira muri telefoni yo mu bwoko bwa Apple iPhone 5C yari iya Syed Rizwan Farook waje no guhitanwa nacyo hamwe n’umugore we nyuma yo kurasana na polisi. FBI itangaza ko ikeneye kumenya amakuru arimo yabafasha mu iperereza kuri iki gitero.
Abakora iperereza bizeye ko ibiri muri telefoni ya Farook bishobora gusubiza ibibazo byinshi byibazwa kuva we n’umugore we bagaba igitero muri San Bernardino. Haracyibazwa impamvu Farook yasize igikapu kirimo ibisasu biturika mu cyumba we n’umugore we batangiriye kurasiramo abantu, hakibazwa impamvu ibisasu bitigeze bituritswa, niba se barateganyaga kugaba ibindi bitero. Ikindi bizeye kubonamo uruhare rwa Enrique Marquez Jr. wari inshuti ya Farook uvugwa kuba yaba yarafashije Farook n’umugore we gutegura igitero bagabye n’andi makuru anyuranye yabafasha mu iperereza.
Syed Rizwan Farook n’umugore we Tashfeen Malik bagabye igitero i San Bernardino
Kuki FBI ikeneye ko ifashwa na Apple?
FBI isaba uruganda rwa Apple kuyifasha kuyikorera Software (Porogaramu ya mudasobwa) yayifasha gukuramo ijambo ry’ibanga riri muri iPhone 5C ya Farook bikabafasha kureba ibyari birimo. Uruganda rwa Apple rwanze gutanga ubufasha kuri FBI rutabanje kubona impapuro zibisaba zivuye mu butegetsi (search warrants) ari nayo mpamvu FBI yasabye urukiko ko rwategeka uruganda rwa Apple kubafasha mu iperereza, icyemezo urukiko rwemeje ku wa kabiri tariki 15 Gashyantare 2016.
Ushobora kwibaza uti kuki iyi telefoni ikomeje kuba ikibazo, ni iki gitangaje ikozemo kuburyo yagoye ikigo gikomeye mu butasi nka FBI gukuramo ijambo ry’ibanga?
Nk’uko bigenda kuri mudasobwa, telefoni ya iPhone ibika ibiyirimo (data) muri code ya 0 na 1(binary system). Uru nirwo twakwita ururimi mudasobwa yumva cyangwa telefoni zikoze nkayo. Buri iPhone yo muri ubu bwoko ihisha ibiyirimo (data) ikoresheje iyi mibare ya 0 na 1 yisubiramo mu buryo bugera ku nshuro 256(256 bits encryption).
Kugira ngo ubisobanukirwe kurushaho, telefoni iramutse ibasha guhisha ibiyirimo mu buryo bwa bits 3 iba ishobora gukora urufunguzo rwayo (pattern)mu buryo (combinaisons) bugera ku 8 ni ukuvuga 000, 001, 010, 011,100,101,110,111. Uramutse ufashe iyi telefoni utazi urufunguzo rwayo, byagusaba gufora nibura inshuro 8 kugira ngo ubashe kumenya urufunguzo nyarwo.
Telefoni ikoresha 256 bits yo iba ikoze mu ikoranabuhanga rihanitse kuko ishobora gukora imfunguzo nibura tiriyoni(trillions of patterns), ari nayo mpamvu byagora uwashaka kuyinjiramo atazi urufunguzo kuko n’imashini(computer) ntibyayishobokera kubasha kugwa ku rufunguzo rwa nyarwo nk’uko ikinyamakuru Los Angeles Times cyabyanditse mu nkuru yacyo ’How the iPhone's security measures work’ yo ku itariki 19 Gashyantare 2016.
iPhone 5C
Iyo nyiri telefoni ashyize urufunguzo muri iPhone, ibirimo bisomwa na we gusa
Kuba iPhone 5C ikoresha 256 bits encryption, biyiha ubushobozi bwo gukora imfunguzo zigera kuri tiriyoni
Hari impamvu 2 zituma FBI isaba uruganda rwa Apple ubufasha mu kuyikorera software yabafasha kwinjira muri iyi telefoni. Iya mbere ni uko iyo ijambo ry’ibanga rishyizwemo inshuro nyinshi nabi, telefoni yo mu bwoko bwa iPhone iba ihagaritse kwakira ubundi buryo bwo kuyifungura (stop accepting additional inputs) mu gihe runaka. Mu nkuru yayo ‘Apple-FBI battle over San Bernardino terror attack investigation: All the details’, Los Angeles Times yatangaje ko FBI yari yagerageje inshuro 10 gufungura telefoni ya Farook ariko biza kunanirana.
Impamvu ya 2 ni uko nyiri telefoni yo mu bwoko bwa iPhone ashobora gushyiramo uburyo bwo gusiba burundu ibintu biri muri telefoni ye mu gihe hari urufunguzo rushyizwemo nabi inshuro nyinshi. Iyo bisibamye biva muri telefoni bikajya ku rubuga rw’ububiko rwa Apple(iCloud) aho umukiriya aba yarafunguyeho konti . Farook na we ngo ashobora kuba aribwo buryo yakoreshaga muri telefoni ye.
Ubu buryo uko ari 2 bufasha telefoni ya iPhone kubika amakuru ayirimo no kuyarindira umutekano nibwo butuma FBI yarananiwe gukoresha uburyo bwitwa ’Brute force’.
‘Brute force’ ni uburyo bukoreshwa hagashyirwa muri telefoni imibare yose ishoboka kugeza urufunguzo rwa nyarwo rubonetse (automatically inputting each possible combination of numbers until the correct passcode is found).
Ikindi kigoye FBI ni uko itabasha gushyira muri iyi telefoni indi porogaramu yabafasha kuyifungura. Telefoni zo mu bwoko bwa iPhone zikoze kuburyo zidashobora gushyirwamo indi porogaramu itarazigenewe, uruganda rwa Apple rudatanze uburenganzira kuko ziyibona nka virusi cyangwa ikindi kintu kitari cyiza kurizo.
Ubusanzwe telefoni za iPhone zikoresha operating system (iOS ) twakwita izishaje(Older versions) zatumaga uruganda rwa Apple ndetse n’abakora iperereza bagira amakuru amwe babasha kubona aturutse muri telefoni niyo yaba ifungishijwe ijambo ry’ibanga(password-protected). Urugero ni uko zabashaga kwemera ko umuntu agerageza ijambo ry’ibanga inshuro nyinshi. Gusa muri 2014 nibwo Apple yakoze iOS 8 ari nayo ikoranye ubuhanga bwo kutabasha kwinjirwamo kuburyo bworoshye. Telefoni Farook yakoreshaga nayo ni imwe muzikoresha operating system nshyashya.
Kuki Apple yanze gukora Software yatuma iyi telefoni yinjirwamo ?
Kugeza n’ubu iki kibazo nicyo kiri kuvugwa cyane haba ku bakurikiranira hafi iby’ikoranabuhanga(High tech) kugeza kubakuriye ibigo bikomeye nka Microsoft, Facebook, Google , Twitter , Yahoo, AOL. Abakuriye ibi bigo bakomeje kugaragaza umunsi ku wundi ko bari inyuma ya Tim Cook uhagarariye Apple mu rugamba rwo kurengera uburenganzira bw’ubuzima bwite bw’abakiriya (privacy).
Mu mpera z’icyumweru gishize, Tim Cook ukuriye uruganda rwa Apple yatangaje ko ibyo basabwaga byose ngo bafashe inzego z’iperereza babikoze gusa Leta ya Amerika ikaba ibasaba ibidashoboka.
Yagize ati “ Kugeza kuri aka kanya twakoze ibyo twari dushoboye haba mu bushobozi bwacu ndetse no gufasha abakora iperereza. Ariko ubungubu Leta ya Amerika iri kudusaba icyo tudafite kandi ikintu cyagira ingaruka mbi cyane turamutse tugikoze(too dangerous to create)”
Tim Cook yakomeje agira ati “ Iriya porogaramu yo kubasha kwinjira muri telefoni(kugeza ubu itaranakorwa), iramutse iguye mu maboko mabi, ishobora gukoreshwa mu gufungura iPhone iyo ariyo yose. Guverinoma yemeza ko izakoreshwa muri iki kirego gusa(cya Farook) ariko ntacyakwemeza ko ariho gusa izakoreshwa.”
Tim Cook umuyobozi wa Apple ahamya ko batizeye niba porogaramu yakorwa yakoreshwa kuri telefoni ya Farook gusa
Ubusanzwe iyo telefoni yo mu bwoko bwa iPhone ivuye mu ruganda nta kopi y’urufunguzo uruganda(Apple) rusigarana, bisobanuye ko na Apple ubwayo idashobora kumenya urufunguzo rwa nyirayo. Uruganda rwa Apple rufite ubwoba ko ruramutse rukoze Software isabwa na FBI, ibigo byose bikora iperereza ku isi yose byasaba nabyo guhabwa iyi porogaramu ngo biyikoreshe mu kazi kabyo.
Uruganda rwa Apple kandi rufite impungenge ko rukoze iyi porogaramu , FBI yahita igira ubushobozi bwo kubasha kwinjira mu ikoranabuhanga isanzwe ikoresha mu kurindira umutekano amakuru y’abakiriya bayo bakoresha ibikoresho ikora.
Iri koranabuhanga Apple yatangiye kurikoresha nyuma y’ibyatangajwe na Edward Snowden wahoze ari umukozi mu biro by’ubutasi bya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu kigo cya National Security Agency (NSA) nk’uko ikinyamakuru le Monde kibitangaza . Ibi byaba ari igihombo kinini kuri Apple kuko umutekano w’amakuru abakiriya bayo babika muri telefoni zayo waba utakizewe kandi aricyo ahanini abenshi bazikundira, bityo telefoni za iPhone zikaba zatakongera kugurwa nkuko bisanzwe ku isoko mpuzamahanga.
Uwahoze akora mu iperereza rya Amerika na we yemeje ko FBI atari iyo kwizerwa
Aganira na Business Insider, David Kennedy wahoze ari umusirikare wo mu mazi akaba n’umusesenguzi mu iperereza ndetse akaba n’inzobere mu by’ikoranabuhanga (professional hacker) yatangaje ko ibyo uruganda rwa Apple rwakoze byo kwanga gukora porogaramu basabwa na FBI ari ukuri kuko ngo iki kigo gishinzwe iperereza( FBI ) atari icyo kwizerwa. Kubwe ngo asanga gufasha FBI kwinjira muri telefoni ya Farook byakwica uburyo bw’ubwirinzi (destroy the entire security industry). Ibi ikinyamakuru Business Insider cyabyanditse mu nkuru cyahaye umutwe ugira uti ’ Ex military intelligence analyst: The FBI 'cannot be trusted' with the power it wants from Apple’ yo ku wa 18 Gashyantare 2016.
Nubwo FBI itangaza ko porogaramu yakorwa yakoreshwa ku kirego cya Farook, ku munsi w’ejo hashize tariki 23 Gashyantare 2016, itangazamakuru ryo muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ryahishuye ko Minisiteri y’ubutabera ya Amerika ikeneye nayo kubona uko yafungura telefoni za iPhone mu birego nibura bigera ku 10.
James Comey ukiriye FBI ahamya ko ibyo bakora ari ku nyungu z’abaturage ba Amerika, nta kindi kibyihishe inyuma. Mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe na Pew Research Center, ku bantu 1000 babajijwe, 51% bagaragaje ko bashyigikiye FBI naho 38% bakaba bashyigikiye uruganda rwa Apple.
Ihangana rya FBI na Apple , ingingo igarukwaho n’abiyamamariza kuyobora Amerika
Iki kirego gisa n’igihanganishije uruganda rwa Apple ,ubutabera na FBI , kimaze kuba urugamba rwa politiki. Kugeza ubu iyi ni imwe mu ngingo inagarukwaho n’ abiyamamariza kuyobora Amerika mu matora y’ibanze . Donald Trump wo mu ishyaka ry’aba Republicain/Republican yahamagariye abamushyikiye kwamagana ibikoresho by’uruganda rwa Apple nubwo yabyanditse akoresheje telefoni ye yo mu bwoko bwa iPhone. Bernie Sanders wo mu ishyaka ry’aba Democrates / démocrates we yashyize hanze ubutumwa bushyigikira uruganda rwa Apple.
Apple izahangana kugeza mu rw’ikirenga
Ku itariki 26 Gashyantare 2016 niwo munsi ntarengwa uruganda rwa Apple rwahawe ngo rube rwamaze kwemera gukorana na FBI nubwo Apple yo yemeza ko bazaburana kugeza mu rukiko rw’ikirenga(U.S. Supreme Court) kugira ngo rwumvikanishe impamvu zayo ndetse uru ruganda rukaba rwaramaze gushakisha abazarwunganira mu mategeko bakomeye , Ted Olson and Theodore J. Boutrous Jr. Aba bombi nibo bari bayoboye abanyamategeko(lead lawyers) babashije kuvuguruza Leta ya California ku itegeko ryo kwemera gushyingira ababana bahuje ibitsina.
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