Menya amateka y’ikoranabuhanga rya ADN ryifashishwa mu kumenya inkomoko n’isano y’abantu

Iri koranabuhanga rishobora gufasha umuntu kumenya inkomoko y’ubwoko bwe, gushakisha bene wabo batari bazwi ndetse no gukurikirana imibanire y’amaraso mu bisekuru byinshi.

Muri iki gihe, ibizamini bya ADN bishobora gutanga ibisubizo bifite ukuri gukomeye mu kumenya niba abantu bafitanye isano y’amaraso. Ariko mbere y’uko iri koranabuhanga ritangira gukoreshwa, abahanga bakoreshaga ubundi buryo bw’ibinyabuzima mu kumenya abantu no gusuzuma isano bafitanye.

Ubwo buryo burimo gupima ubwoko bw’amaraso, isuzuma ry’ibimenyetso byo mu maraso (serological testing) ndetse no gupima ibimenyetso byihariye biboneka ku turemangingo tw’umubiri (HLA testing). Nubwo bwagize uruhare rukomeye mu buvuzi, nko guhuza amaraso y’abatanga amaraso n’abayakeneye no guhitamo abatanga ingingo z’umubiri, ntibwari bufite ubushobozi bwo kumenya isano y’abantu mu buryo bwizewe nk’ubwa ADN.

Nk’uko tubikesha urubuga rwa dnaforensics.in, dore uko ikoranabuhanga ryo gupima ADN ryagiye ritera imbere kuva mu ntangiriro z’ikinyejana cya 20.

1. Mu myaka ya 1920

Mu ntangiriro z’ikinyejana cya 20, abahanga bavumbuye ko amaraso y’abantu ashobora kugira amoko atandukanye hashingiwe ku turemangingo tuzwi nka antigens tuboneka mu maraso.

Havumbuwe amoko ane y’ingenzi y’amaraso ari yo A, B, AB na O. Ubu buryo bwiswe ABO system, bukaba bwarafashije abaganga guhitamo amaraso akwiye guhabwa umurwayi, cyane cyane mu gihe cyo guterwa amaraso.

Mu myaka ya 1920, abahanga basanze kandi ko ubwoko bw’amaraso bushobora kumenyekana. Ibi byatumye bashobora gukoresha ubwoko bw’amaraso bw’ababyeyi kugira ngo bagerageze kumenya ubwoko bw’amaraso umwana ashobora kugira.

Ubu buryo bwashoboraga no gukoreshwa mu iperereza ku babyeyi b’umwana. Iyo ubwoko bw’amaraso bw’umwe mu babyeyi butari buzwi, abahanga bashoboraga gukoresha ubw’umwana n’ubw’umubyeyi uzwi kugira ngo bamenye ubwoko bushoboka bw’undi mubyeyi.

Ariko kandi, gupima ubwoko bw’amaraso ntibyashoboraga kwemeza neza isano y’umwana n’umubyeyi. Niba umwana ufite ubwoko bw’amaraso A, nyina akaba afite AB, se ashobora kuba afite ubwoko ubwo ari bwo bwose muri bune.

Ibi byatumaga gupima ubwoko bw’amaraso bidashobora gutanga igisubizo kidashidikanywaho ku bijyanye no kumenya se w’umwana mu buryo bwa gihanga.

2. Mu myaka ya 1930 – Isuzuma ry’ibimenyetso byo mu maraso

Mu myaka ya 1930, abahanga bavumbuye utundi turemangingo tuboneka mu maraso dushoboraga gukoreshwa mu gutandukanya abantu.

Muri zo harimo Rh, Kell na Duffy blood group systems. Kimwe na sisitemu ya ABO, izi nazo zishingiye ku bimenyetso cyangwa uturemangingo biboneka mu maraso kandi bishobora kugaragara.

Abahanga bashoboraga gukoresha ubwoko bw’amaraso bw’ababyeyi bombi kugira ngo bamenye ubwoko bw’amaraso umwana ashobora kugira.

Ubu buryo na bwo bwakoreshejwe mu iperereza ku bana n’ababyeyi, cyane cyane mu gushaka kumenya niba umuntu ushinjwa kuba se w’umwana ashobora kuba ari we koko.

Nubwo bwari bwateye imbere ugereranyije na ABO, ubu buryo na bwo ntibwashoboraga kwemeza mu buryo budasubirwaho isano ry’uturemangingo hagati y’umwana n’umubyeyi.

3. Mu myaka ya 1970

Mu myaka ya 1970, abahanga batangiye kwibanda ku tissue typing, aho kureba gusa ku maraso batangiye no gusuzuma ibimenyetso biboneka mu turemangingo tw’umubiri.

Muri icyo gihe havumbuwe Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA), ari poroteyine iboneka mu bice byinshi by’umubiri, cyane cyane mu turemangingo tw’amaraso y’umweru.

HLA yari ifite amoko menshi kandi yatandukanyaga umuntu n’undi. Kubera ubwo butandukanye, isuzuma rya HLA ryabaye uburyo bukomeye kurushaho bwo kugenzura isano hagati y’umwana n’umubyeyi.

HLA yonyine yashoboraga gufasha abantu benshi batashobora kumenya ababyeyi b’umwana, naho iyo yahuzwaga no gupima amaraso ndetse n’ibindi bimenyetso byo mu maraso, ubushobozi bwo kumenya abadafitanye isano nta rito ryageraga hafi kuri 90%.

Nubwo bwari uburyo bukomeye, HLA testing yari ifite imbogamizi. Yasabaga amaraso menshi kandi akiri mashya, atarengeje iminsi mike. Ikusanywa ry’ayo maraso na ryo ryashoboraga kutorohera abantu, cyane cyane abana bari munsi y’amezi atandatu.

4. Mu myaka ya 1980 – Gusuzuma ADN hakoreshejwe RFLP

Mu myaka ya 1980, abahanga bakoze uburyo bushya bwiswe Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP), buba bumwe mu buryo bwa mbere bwakoresheje ADN mu kumenya isano y’abantu.

Kimwe na poroteyine zo mu maraso na HLA, ADN iva ku babyeyi bombi. Icyakora, ibice bimwe bya ADN biratandukana cyane hagati y’abantu, bigatuma bishobora gukoreshwa mu kubatandukanya no kumenya isano bafitanye.

Muri RFLP, abahanga bashoboraga gutandukanya ibice byihariye bya ADN bakabigereranya hagati y’umwana n’ababyeyi.

Mu isuzuma ryo kumenya se w’umwana, umwana aba agomba kugira igice cya ADN cyaturutse kuri nyina n’ikindi gice cyaturutse kuri se, iyo koko ari ababyeyi be.

Rimwe na rimwe, hari ubwo ADN y’umwana ishobora kutagaragara nk’ihura neza n’iy’umubyeyi bitewe n’impinduka zishingiye ku turemangingo zizwi nk’uturemangingo tw’irondakoko. Muri icyo gihe, abahanga bashoboraga gukora isesengura ry’imibare kugira ngo barebe uko bishoboka ko iryo hinduka ryaba ryarabaye ndetse n’uko isano iri hagati yabo rihagaze.

RFLP yatangaga ibisubizo bifite ubushobozi bwo kumenya abadafitanye isano ku cyigero cya 99.99%. Ariko ubu buryo ntibukoreshwa cyane muri iki gihe kuko busaba amaraso menshi kandi bugatwara igihe kirekire kugira ngo ibisubizo biboneke.

5. Kuva mu myaka ya 1990 kugeza ubu – Gupima ADN hakoreshejwe PCR

Nubwo ikoranabuhanga rya Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) ryari ryaravumbuwe mu myaka ya 1980, ryatangiye gukoreshwa cyane mu bipimo bya ADN mu myaka ya 1990.

PCR ni uburyo bwo gukuba no kongera umubare w’ibice bya ADN, ku buryo agace gato ka ADN gashobora gukorwamo kopi nyinshi cyane kugira ngo abahanga babashe kugasuzuma.

Ibi byatumye bitaba ngombwa ko umuntu atanga amaraso menshi. Ndetse n’agace gato ka ADN gashobora kuba gahagije kugira ngo isuzuma rikorwe.

Mu isuzuma risanzwe ryo kumenya se w’umwana, ADN ishobora gukusanywa hakoreshejwe buccal swab, aho bakoresha akantu kameze nk’agapamba kagakozwa imbere mu itama (mu kanwa). ADN y’umubyeyi, umwana ndetse n’umuntu ukekwaho kuba se irakusanywa, hanyuma hakifashishwa PCR mu kuyongera no kuyigereranya.

Kubera ko umwana aragwa na 1/2 cya ADN ya nyina, ikindi cya kabiri akagihawe na se, abahanga bareba niba ibice bya ADN by’umwana bihura n’iby’ababyeyi bombi.

Ikoranabuhanga rya PCR ryatumye ibizamini bya ADN birushaho kuba byoroshye, byihuse kandi bigakorwa hifashishijwe uturemangingo duke twa ADN.

Mu bipimo byo kumenya se w’umwana bikoresha ADN, ibisubizo bishobora kugira urwego rwo kwemeza rurenze 99.99%, bitewe n’uburyo isuzuma ryakozwe n’ibipimo byakoreshejwe.

Kuva ku gupima ubwoko bw’amaraso mu myaka ya 1920, kugeza ku ikoranabuhanga rya ADN rikoreshwa muri iki gihe, uburyo bwo kumenya umwirondoro w’umuntu no kugenzura isano y’amaraso bwagiye butera imbere cyane.

Uburyo bwakoreshwaga mbere, burimo gupima ubwoko bw’amaraso buzwi nka ABO, Isuzuma ry’ibimenyetso byo mu maraso na HLA, bwagize uruhare rukomeye mu mateka y’ubuvuzi n’ubumenyi bw’irondakoko, ariko bwari bufite ubushobozi buke bwo kwemeza isano y’abantu.

Kuva mu myaka ya 1980, ikoreshwa rya ADN, cyane cyane RFLP ndetse na PCR, ryahinduye cyane uburyo abahanga bakora igenzura ry’isano y’abantu.

Muri iki gihe, gupima ADN bikoreshwa mu bikorwa bitandukanye birimo kumenya isano y’ababyeyi n’abana, kumenya abantu, gukurikirana inkomoko y’imiryango no gushakisha bene wabo bafitanye isano y’amaraso.