Afrika ifite zahabu, diyama, cobalt, coltan, amashyamba manini n’ubutaka bwiza bw’ubuhinzi, ariko umusaruro wayo mu bukungu (GDP) ukomeza kuba muto. Abahanga mu bukungu bita iki kibazo “umuvumo w’umutungo kamere” (Resource Curse), aho ibihugu bikungahaye ku mutungo kamere bidahita bigera ku iterambere rirambye.
Igereranya rya Africa mu bukungu n’indi migabane
Umusaruro mbumbe w’isi yose (Global Nominal GDP) ubarirwa hafi kuri tiriyoni 126.3 z’amadolari ya Amerika. Muri uwo musaruro, Afurika yose hamwe itanga hafi tiriyoni 3.56 z’amadolari gusa. Iyo mibare igereranyijwe n’iy’indi migabane cyangwa ibihugu bikomeye ku isi, hagaragara ikinyuranyo gikomeye:
- Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika (USA) zonyine zifite GDP irenga tiriyoni 32 z’amadolari.
- Ubushinwa bufite GDP irenga tiriyoni 20 z’amadolari.
- Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’Uburayi (Euro Area) ufite GDP irenga tiriyoni 19 z’amadolari.
Ibi bisobanuye ko Afurika ihagarariye munsi ya 3% by’umusaruro w’ubukungu bw’isi yose, nubwo ifite umutungo kamere mwinshi cyane.
Uko Africa ihagaze ku mutungo karemano ku rwego rw’isi
Abasesenguzi bagaragaza ko ikibazo nyamukuru atari ukubura umutungo, ahubwo ari uburyo uwo mutungo ucungwa, utunganywa kandi ugahindurwamo ibicuruzwa bifite agaciro ku isoko mpuzamahanga.
Dore zimwe mu ngero zigaragaza uko Afurika ikungahaye ku mutungo, ariko ntibone inyungu zingana n’agaciro kawo.
1. Zahabu
Afurika ifite hafi 30% by’ububiko bwa zahabu buri ku isi. Ibihugu nka Ghana, Afurika y’Epfo na Mali biri mu bikomeye mu kuyicukura. Nyamara, amafaranga menshi ava mu gutunganya zahabu no kuyikoramo imitako ava cyane mu bihugu byo ku mugabane w’Uburayi no muri Amerika, aho inganda zikomeye zikorera.
2. Amashyamba n’Ibiti by’Agaciro
Ishyamba rya Kongo (Congo Basin) ni ryo rya kabiri rinini ku isi nyuma y’iry’Amazon. Rifite uruhare rukomeye mu kugabanya imyuka yangiza ikirere no kubungabunga ibidukikije.
Ariko mu rwego rw’inganda zikora ibikomoka ku biti nk’impapuro, ibikoresho byo mu nzu n’ibindi, Aziya na Amerika y’Amajyaruguru ni byo byinjiza amafaranga menshi kurusha Afurika.
3. Diyama
Afurika ni yo ifite umusaruro munini wa diyama ku isi, cyane cyane muri Botswana, Angola na Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo. Nubwo icukura igice kinini cya diyama zikoreshwa ku isi, ibikorwa byo kuyikata, kuyitunganya no kuyicuruza ku rwego rwo hejuru bikorerwa cyane mu Bubiligi, mu Buhinde no muri Amerika.
4. Cobalt na Coltan
Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo ifite hafi 70% by’ububiko bwa cobalt ku isi. Aya mabuye ni ingenzi cyane mu gukora bateri z’imodoka z’amashanyarazi, mudasobwa na telefone.
Ariko inganda zikora ibyo bikoresho ziganjemo Ubushinwa, Amerika n’Ubuyapani, mu gihe Afurika ikomeza kohereza amabuye yayo hanze ataratunganywa.
5. Ubutaka bw’Ubuhinzi
Afurika ifite hafi 60% by’ubutaka bwiza bw’ubuhinzi butarabyazwa umusaruro ku isi. Ibihugu nka Côte d’Ivoire na Ghana bitanga hafi 70% bya koko ikoreshwa mu gukora shokola ku isi.
Nyamara inganda zikora kandi zikagurisha shokola ziganjemo Ubudage, u Busuwisi, Ububiligi na Amerika. Ibi bituma amafaranga menshi ava muri uru ruganda asigara mu bihugu bitunganya koko, aho gusigara mu bihugu biyihinga.
Abahanga mu bukungu bagaragaza impamvu nyinshi zituma ibihugu bikungahaye ku mutungo kamere bikomeza kuba inyuma mu iterambere: Ruswa n’imiyoborere mibi; Kudatunganya umutungo imbere mu gihugu;
Gushingira cyane ku bicuruzwa bibisi byoherezwa hanze; Kubura inganda zikomeye zihindura umutungo kamere mo ibicuruzwa bifite agaciro no Kutagira ubukungu butandukanye (economic diversification).
Iri sesengura rigaragaza ko ikibazo cya Afurika atari ukubura umutungo kamere, ahubwo ari uburyo uwo mutungo ukoreshwa. Afurika iza ku myanya ya mbere mu kugira zahabu, dayimani, cobalt, amashyamba n’ubutaka bwiza, ariko amafaranga menshi ava muri iyo mitungo asigara mu bihugu biyitunganya kurusha ibiyifite.
Mu gihe Afurika yakongera inganda zitunganya umutungo kamere, igashora imari mu ikoranabuhanga no mu bumenyi, ndetse igateza imbere imiyoborere myiza, uwo mutungo wahinduka ishingiro ry’iterambere rirambye aho kuba icyuho gikomeza kuyisubiza inyuma.