Ötzi ni umubiri w’umugabo wabonetse mu mwaka wa 1991 mu misozi ya Alpes iri hagati y’u Butaliyani n’u Busuwisi. Uwo mubiri wabitswe n’urubura mu buryo budasanzwe, bituma uba kimwe mu byabonetse mu bucukumbuzi bifite agaciro gakomeye ku isi.
Ötzi the Iceman ni izina ryahawe umubiri w’umuntu wabonetse mu mwaka wa 1991 mu misozi ya Ötztal Alps iri hagati y’u Butaliyani n’u Busuwisi, izina “Ötzi” rikomoka ku hantu yavumbuwe (Ötztal). “The Iceman” bikaba bisobanura ko yari umuntu wabitswe n’urubura mu gihe kirekire cyane.
Mu bushakashatsi bushya bwatangajwe mu kinyamakuru cya siyansi Microbiome, abahanga bavuze ko basanze ku mubiri wa Ötzi hari amoko ane y’umusemburo ushobora kubaho mu bukonje bukabije. Ikindi gitangaje ni uko uwo musemburo wakomeje gukora ibikorwa byawo bya biologiya n’ubwo wari umaze imyaka myinshi uri mu rubura.
Nyuma y’amezi atatu y’ibizamini n’ubushakashatsi, abo bahanga bakoresheje uwo musemburo mu guteka umugati wa sourdough. Mohamed Sarhan, umwe mu bayoboye ubwo bushakashatsi, yavuze ko umugati wakozwe wari ufite uburyohe, kandi ari mwiza cyane. Yagize ati: “Umugati twakoze wari mwiza cyane.”
N’ubwo bamwe bashobora gutekereza ko uwo musemburo wamaze imyaka ibihumbi byinshi uri ku mubiri wa Ötzi, abashakashatsi bavuga ko bishoboka ko winjiye ku mubiri nyuma gato y’urupfu rwe, mbere y’uko umubiri we utwikirwa n’urubura. Icyakora, kuba warashoboye gukomeza kubaho no gukora ibikorwa byawo mu bihe byose byakurikiyeho ni ikintu gikomeje gutangaza abahanga.
Mu rwego rwo gukora ubu bushakashatsi, mu mwaka wa 2019 abahanga bahawe uruhushya rwo gukuraho urubura rwari rutwikiriye umubiri wa Ötzi. Bakusanyije amazi yavuyemo, ibice by’urubura ndetse n’utundi duce twavuye imbere no hanze y’umubiri kugira ngo basuzume mikorobe zitandukanye ziwubamo.
Ibyo bizamini byagaragaje ko ku mubiri wa Ötzi hari uruvange rwa mikorobe za kera n’izigezweho. Zimwe zabagamo igihe yari akiri muzima, izindi zigaragara ko zaje nyuma y’urupfu rwe, mu gihe hari n’izishobora kuba zaraturutse ku bikorwa byo kubungabunga uwo mubiri.
Abashakashatsi banabonye ko umwe muri iyo misemburo ushobora gukoresha no kumena ikinyabutabire cya phenol, cyakoreshejwe mu kubungabunga umubiri wa Ötzi kuva wabonwa. Ibi byatumye batekereza ko uwo musemburo ushobora kuzagira uruhare mu bikorwa byo gusukura ibidukikije byandujwe n’imiti imwe n’imwe y’inganda.
Frank Maixner, uyobora Ikigo cy’Ubushakashatsi ku Mibiri Yabitswe (Institute for Mummy Studies), yavuze ko ubu bushakashatsi bwerekana ko Ötzi atagomba gufatwa nk’igisigaratongo cy’amateka gihagaze aho gusa, ahubwo ko ari urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima bikomeza kugira impinduka no kubaho.
Yagize ati: “Ötzi ntabwo ari ikimenyetso cy’amateka kidahinduka, ahubwo ni urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima rukora kandi rukomeza kugira ubuzima bwarwo.”
Nyuma yo gutsinda ikizamini cyo gukora umugati, abahanga bavuga ko intambwe ikurikiraho ari ukugerageza gukoresha iyo misemburo mu gukora inzoga za bière n’ibindi bicuruzwa bishingiye ku musemburo.
Bavuga ko umusemburo ushobora gukora neza mu bushyuhe buke ushobora kugira akamaro kanini mu nganda zitunganya ibiribwa, kuko wafasha kugabanya ingufu zikoreshwa mu gushyushya ahabera ibikorwa byo gusembura.
Ubu bushakashatsi bugaragaza uburyo ibisigaratongo by’amateka bishobora gukomeza gutanga amakuru mashya ndetse n’ibisubizo bishobora kugira akamaro mu buzima bw’iki gihe, imyaka ibihumbi byinshi nyuma y’urupfu rwabyo.
Mu bushakashatsi bushya bwatangajwe mu kinyamakuru cya siyansi Microbiome, abahanga bavuze ko basanze ku mubiri wa Ötzi hari amoko ane y’umusemburo ushobora kubaho mu bukonje bukabije. Ikindi gitangaje ni uko uwo musemburo wakomeje gukora ibikorwa byawo bya biologiya n’ubwo wari umaze imyaka myinshi uri mu rubura.
Nyuma y’amezi atatu y’ibizamini n’ubushakashatsi, abo bahanga bakoresheje uwo musemburo mu guteka umugati wa sourdough. Mohamed Sarhan, umwe mu bayoboye ubwo bushakashatsi, yavuze ko umugati wakozwe wari ufite uburyohe, kandi ari mwiza cyane.
Yagize ati: “Umugati twakoze wari mwiza cyane.”
N’ubwo bamwe bashobora gutekereza ko uwo musemburo wamaze imyaka ibihumbi byinshi uri ku mubiri wa Ötzi, abashakashatsi bavuga ko bishoboka ko winjiye ku mubiri nyuma gato y’urupfu rwe, mbere y’uko umubiri we utwikirwa n’urubura. Icyakora, kuba warashoboye gukomeza kubaho no gukora ibikorwa byawo mu bihe byose byakurikiyeho ni ikintu gikomeje gutangaza abahanga.
Mu rwego rwo gukora ubu bushakashatsi, mu mwaka wa 2019 abahanga bahawe uruhushya rwo gukuraho urubura rwari rutwikiriye umubiri wa Ötzi. Bakusanyije amazi yavuyemo, ibice by’urubura ndetse n’utundi duce twavuye imbere no hanze y’umubiri kugira ngo basuzume mikorobe zitandukanye ziwubamo.
Ibyo bizamini byagaragaje ko ku mubiri wa Ötzi hari uruvange rwa mikorobe za kera n’izigezweho. Zimwe zabagamo igihe yari akiri muzima, izindi zigaragara ko zaje nyuma y’urupfu rwe, mu gihe hari n’izishobora kuba zaraturutse ku bikorwa byo kubungabunga uwo mubiri.
Abashakashatsi banabonye ko umwe muri iyo misemburo ushobora gukoresha no kumena ikinyabutabire cya phenol, cyakoreshejwe mu kubungabunga umubiri wa Ötzi kuva wabonwa. Ibi byatumye batekereza ko uwo musemburo ushobora kuzagira uruhare mu bikorwa byo gusukura ibidukikije byandujwe n’imiti imwe n’imwe y’inganda.
Frank Maixner, uyobora Ikigo cy’Ubushakashatsi ku Mibiri Yabitswe (Institute for Mummy Studies), yavuze ko ubu bushakashatsi bwerekana ko Ötzi atagomba gufatwa nk’igisigaratongo cy’amateka gihagaze aho gusa, ahubwo ko ari urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima bikomeza kugira impinduka no kubaho.
Yagize ati: “Ötzi ntabwo ari ikimenyetso cy’amateka kidahinduka, ahubwo ni urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima rukora kandi rukomeza kugira ubuzima bwarwo.”
Nyuma yo gutsinda ikizamini cyo gukora umugati, abahanga bavuga ko intambwe ikurikiraho ari ukugerageza gukoresha iyo misemburo mu gukora inzoga za bière n’ibindi bicuruzwa bishingiye ku musemburo.
Bavuga ko umusemburo ushobora gukora neza mu bushyuhe buke ushobora kugira akamaro kanini mu nganda zitunganya ibiribwa, kuko wafasha kugabanya ingufu zikoreshwa mu gushyushya ahabera ibikorwa byo gusembura.
Ubu bushakashatsi bugaragaza uburyo ibisigaratongo by’amateka bishobora gukomeza gutanga amakuru mashya ndetse n’ibisubizo bishobora kugira akamaro mu buzima bw’iki gihe, imyaka ibihumbi byinshi nyuma y’urupfu rwabyo.
