Ubushakashatsi butandukanye bugaragaza ko Ebola ari indwara ifite inkomoko mu rusobe rw’ibinyabuzima, ariko ibikorwa by’abantu birimo kwangiza ibidukikije, kwagura aho abantu batuye, ingendo nyinshi ndetse n’intege nke z’ubuzima rusange, byagize uruhare mu kongera ibyago byo kuyandura no kuyikwirakwiza.
Ibi ntibivuze ko abantu ari bo bateye virusi ya Ebola, ahubwo bisobanura ko uburyo abantu babana n’ibidukikije bushobora gutuma indwara ziva ku nyamaswa zijya ku bantu zibona uburyo bwo gukwirakwira vuba.
Ebola yatangiriye he?
Virusi ya Ebola yamenyekanye bwa mbere mu mwaka wa 1976, ubwo icyorezo cyagaragaraga muri Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Congo (icyo gihe yitwaga Zaire), hafi y’Umugezi wa Ebola, ari na ho yakuye izina ryaro.
Kuva icyo gihe, habaye ibyorezo bitandukanye muri Afurika, cyane cyane muri Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Congo, Uganda ndetse no muri Afurika y’Iburengerazuba.
Icyorezo gikomeye kurusha ibindi cyabaye hagati ya 2014 na 2016 muri Guinea, Liberia na Sierra Leone, aho Ebola yanduye abantu barenga 28,000, ikica abarenga 11,000.
Nk’uko ubushakashatsi bwatangajwe mu kinyamakuru cy’ubuvuzi The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) bubigaragaza, iki cyorezo cyabaye ikibazo gikomeye ku rwego mpuzamahanga kubera uburyo cyakwirakwijwe n’uburyo ibihugu byari bifite ubushobozi butandukanye bwo guhangana nacyo.
Ebola ikomoka he?
Ebola iri mu ndwara zizwi nka zoonotic diseases, ni ukuvuga indwara zishobora kuva ku nyamaswa zikajya ku bantu.
Abahanga bavuga ko inyamaswa zo mu gasozi, cyane cyane udusimba two mu bwoko bw’ducurama turya imbuto (fruit bats), bishobora kuba mu nyamaswa zibika virusi ya Ebola mu bidukikije.
Iyo umuntu ahuye n’inyamaswa zanduye cyangwa ibikomoka kuri izo nyamaswa, ashobora kwandura iyi virusi.
Ubushakashatsi bwatangajwe mu kinyamakuru Nature bugaragaza ko ihinduka ry’imibanire y’abantu n’ibidukikije ari kimwe mu bintu bishobora kongera ibyago byo kwandura indwara ziva ku nyamaswa.
Ibikorwa by’abantu byagize uruhe ruhare mu gukwirakwiza Ebola?
1. Kwangiza amashyamba byongereye uguhura kw’abantu n’inyamaswa
Mu bice byinshi bya Afurika, ibikorwa nk’ubuhinzi, gutura ahantu hashya, gucukura amabuye y’agaciro no gutema amashyamba byatumye abantu begera ahantu hahoze ari ubuturo bw’inyamaswa zo mu gasozi.
Iyo abantu binjiye muri ibyo bice, bishobora kongera amahirwe yo guhura n’inyamaswa zitwara virusi zitandukanye.
Ubushakashatsi ku ndwara ziva ku nyamaswa bwerekana ko ihinduka ry’imikoreshereze y’ubutaka ari kimwe mu bitera kugaragara no gukwirakwira kw’indwara nshya.
2. Ingendo n’ubucuruzi byafashije Ebola kurenga imipaka
Mu gihe cy’icyorezo cya Ebola muri Afurika y’Iburengerazuba, byagaragaye ko indwara ishobora kuva mu gace kamwe ikagera mu bindi bihugu vuba.
Abantu bagendaga hagati y’imijyi n’ibihugu mbere y’uko bagaragaza ibimenyetso, bigatuma virusi ikomeza gukwirakwira.
Ubushakashatsi bwatangajwe mu kinyamakuru Science bwerekanye ko imiyoboro y’ingendo z’abantu yagize uruhare mu kwihutisha ikwirakwira rya Ebola muri Guinea, Liberia na Sierra Leone.
3. Intege nke mu nzego z’ubuzima zatumye icyorezo gikomera
Ikindi kibazo cyagaragaye ni uko ibihugu byibasiwe cyane na Ebola bitari bifite ubushobozi buhagije bwo kuyimenya no kuyirwanya hakiri kare.
Ishami ry’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima (OMS) ryagaragaje ko gutinda kumenya icyorezo no kubura ibikoresho bihagije byatumye Ebola ikomeza gukwirakwira ku mubuduko uhambaye.
Mu mbogamizi zagaragaye harimo kubura laboratwari zihagije zo gupima indwara, kubura abakozi b’ubuzima bahagije, kubura ibikoresho byo kwirinda, no gutinda gutandukanya abarwayi n’abandi bantu.
Kuki kurandura Ebola byananiranye?
Nubwo hari intambwe ikomeye yatewe mu kurwanya Ebola, harimo kubona inkingo n’ubuvuzi bufasha abarwayi, abahanga bavuga ko hakiri impamvu zituma ishobora kongera kugaruka.
Zimwe muri zo ni ukuba virusi igifite aho ibikwa mu bidukikije, kubera ko Ebola ishobora gukomeza kuboneka mu nyamaswa zo mu gasozi.
Ikindi ni ubushobozi butandukanye bw’ibihugu mu buzima, aho usanga ibihugu bimwe bidafite ubushobozi buhagije bwo gutahura indwara hakiri kare.
Nanone kandi hari umutekano muke mu bice bimwe. Abahanga bavuga ko, amakimbirane n’umutekano muke bishobora kubangamira ibikorwa byo kurwanya ibyorezo.
Hari n’imihindagurikire y’imibanire y’abantu n’ibidukikije. Muri iki gihe, kwiyongera kw’abantu no gukoresha ubutaka bushya bishobora kongera ibyago byo guhura n’inyamaswa zitwara virusi.
Ese Ebola dushobora kuyirandura?
Abahanga bavuga ko kurwanya Ebola bidakwiye kugarukira mu bitaro gusa, ahubwo hakenewe uburyo buzwi nka One Health Approach, bufata ubuzima bw’abantu, inyamaswa n’ibidukikije nk’ibintu bifitanye isano.
Ibi bisaba kurengera amashyamba n’ibinyabuzima, gukomeza ubushakashatsi ku ndwara nshya, kongera ubushobozi bw’ibigo by’ubuzima, gushyiraho uburyo bwihuse bwo kumenya ibyorezo, no kwigisha abaturage uburyo bwo kwirinda indwara zandura.
Ebola yerekanye ko indwara zandura zidashobora kurwanywa hifashishijwe ubuvuzi gusa, ahubwo ko uburyo abantu bakoresha ibidukikije, uko bagenda ndetse n’ubushobozi bw’ibihugu mu buzima rusange bigira uruhare runini mu buryo indwara zikwirakwira.
Ubushakashatsi bugaragaza ko ikibazo atari uko isi yananiwe gusa guhagarika Ebola, ahubwo ko hakenewe ko abantu bose basobanurwa impamvu zituma virusi nk’iyi ibona uburyo bwo kugera ku bantu.
Kwirinda icyorezo nk’iki gikomeye bisaba guhuza imbaraga mu kurengera ibidukikije, gushora imari mu buzima no gufata ingamba mbere y’uko indwara itangira gukwirakwira ku muvuduko ukabije.