Umubumbe w’Isi ari wo utuwe cyane, nyuma yo guhura n’ibiza ndetse n’indwara z'ibyorezo, benshi bibaza niba nta handi hantu bahungira cyangwa ubuzima bwababera bwiza. Ibi ni byo bituma inzobere nyinshi zitajya zisinzira aho ziri kwiga ahantu ubuzima bwaba bwiza. Waba uzi ko kuri Mars ubuzima bushoboka? Ese abantu bazajyayo guturayo ryari?.
Ubwiyongere bukabije
bw’abantu ku isi, icyendera ry’imitungo kamere y’isi nka peteroli n’iyindi,
imihindagurikire ya hato na hato y’ikirere ndetse n’ibindi byinshi bituma
hibazwa ejo hazaza h’uyu mu bumbe ucumbikiye ibinyabuzima bitabarika.
Mu binyabuzima byose bituye
isi, Umuntu wenyine ni we uhangayikishijwe cyane n’ibihe bizaza ku bwo kwikanga ko
isaha n’isaha ubuzima ku isi bwahagarara.
Ibi bigaragazwa n’amajoro
abashakashatsi barara buri munsi bahiga ahariho hose mu isanzure umuntu
ashobora kuba yahumeka, akarya, akaryama mu buryo kamere mbese ubuzima
bugakomeza kandi atari kuri uyu mubumbe w’isi dutuye.
Ibi bikorwa atari ukugira ngo hagaragazwe gusa
intambwe imaze guterwa mu ikoranabuhanga, ahubwo ni no mu buryo bwo gushaka
ubuhungiro kugira ngo igihe kubaho bizaba biri kwanga ku Isi, noneho
bizashoboke kuba hari ahandi ikiremwa muntu cyatura.
Mu mibumbe igaragiye izuba aho
bishoboka hose, ibigo bitandukanye ku isi bishinzwe kugenzura iby’isanzure
ntibisiba kuhohereza ibyuma kabuhariwe ngo birebe ko iby’ibanze ubuzima bukenera
ngo bushoboke bihaboneka.
Ahashyirwa mu majwi uko bwije n’uko bukeye ni ku mubumbe wa Mars uzwi ku izina ry’umubumbe utukura kubera uko ugaragara. Uyu mubumbe ni uwa kane uvuye ku zuba ukaba ukurikira Isi kuko ari iya gatatu.
Mars umubumbe utukura aho ubuzima bukekwa
Gukeka ubuzima kuri Mars bwa
mbere byabaye mu 1970 ubwo ikigo cy’abanyamerika gishinzwe gukora
ubushakashatsi ndetse n’ingendo mu isanzure NASA, gikoresheje ibyuma kabuhariwe
habonywe ibimenyetso by’uko amazi mu minsi ya none ajya atemba cyangwa yaba
yarigeze gutemba ku butaka bwa Mars.
Muri icyo gihe habonywe imyunyu
yumye (Hydrated salts) mu bisa n’imiferege cyangwa se imiringoti igiye iri ku
butaka buhanamye bwa Mars. Bikagaragariza abashakashatsi ko byanze bikunze haba
hari ikintu gitemba cyaba cyarahanyuraga kikahaca iyo miferege kikahasiga
n’imyunyu kandi icyo kintu kikaba gishobora kuba ari amazi.
Iyi myunyu ni nayo ikoreshwa mu mihanda
y’iburayi n’ahandi mu gukuraho urubura mu gihe cy’ubukonje bukabije, kuko
yifitemo ubushobozi bwo gutuma amazi abirira ku bushyuhe bwo hasi bityo
n’urubura rugahinduka amazi nyamara nta bushyuhe bukoreshejwe.
Ibi rero abashakashatsi bakabiheraho bavuga
ko iyi myunyu yaba yaratumye urubura rwari ruri ku misozi ya Mars rushonga
rukamanuka ari amazi iyo miyoboro ikaboneka ityo.
Imyunyu igaragara ku misozi ya Mars
Amazi kuri Mars: Ibintu bifatika byavumbuwe bibyemeza
Birashoboka ko amazi yaba
agitemba kuri Mars n’ubu, ariko ibi ntibyoroshye kubisobanura. Ubushakashatsi
bwimbitse bw’amazi ku mubumbe utukura (Mars) nk’uko ukunze kwitwa bwatwaye
imyaka irenga 15 kugira ngo hemezwe ibintu byumvikana bisobanura neza ukuntu
na n’uyu munsi amazi ashobora kuba ari hariya hantu.
Mu myaka yashize itazwi
umubare, imigezi, inzuzi ndetse n’inyanja bishobora kuba byari bitwikiriye
ubutaka bw’umubumbe wa Mars.
Ø None ayo mazi yaba yaragiye he ko hagaragara ibishanga
byumye n’ibiyaga byakamye?
Ø Ni iki cyaba cyihishe inyuma y’ishira ry’ayo mazi?
Ø Ese niba hari amazi yaba ahasigaye arangana ate?
Ibi n’ibindi bibazo byinshi
ni byo abashakashatsi mu by’isanzure bahora bashakira ibisubizo ngo uriya mubumbe
witezweho ubutabazi mu minsi itaha amaherezo uzaturwe.
Mu bigaragara, umubumbe
utukura (Mars) mu hahise hawo wari ufite imigezi inzuzi n’inyanja mu buryo
budashidikanywaho. Mu myaka myinshi ishize, Mars yari umubumbe uhehereye
ushobora kuba wari utuweho n’udukoko tutaboneshwa amaso mu bice bimwe na bimwe
byawo.
Uyu mubumbe ni muto ugereranyije n’isi, ufite rukuruzi nkeya n’ikirere cyawo gifite umubyimba muto. Birashoboka rero uko ibihe byagiye bihita, amazi yari ahari yagiye ahinduka umwuka ujya mu isanzure maze yose arashira umubumbe usigara ari ubutayu.
Kuri Mars amazi agaragara he?
Amazi yaho bisa nk'aho yaba
atemba ava mu misozi iri ahantu hadahanamye cyane. Mu 2011 hifashishijwe ibyuma
bifata amashusho (camera) byashyizwe ku cyuma kabuhariwe cyoherejwe
n’abanyamerika ngo gikore ubushakashatsi kuri Mars kitwa Mars Reconnaissance
Orbiter (MRO) kuri Mars hagiye
hagaragara imiferege iza rimwe ubundi ikabura, aho byemejwe ko yaba yaratewe n’amazi
arimo umunyu ajya ahatemba.
Imiferege ikekwa ko yaba icibwa n’amazi ku misozi ya Mars
Mu 2015 ubundi bushakashatsi
bwarakozwe bwemeza ko iriya miferege iterwa n’amazi arimo imyunyu ahatemba. Ivumburwa
ry’imyunyu rero muri iriya miyoboro ni ikimenyetso cy’uko itahizanye ahubwo
yahasizwe n’ikintu gitemba kandi ibihamya byinshi bikagaragaza ko icyo kintu
cyaba ari amazi.
Umushakashatsi muri kaminuza
y’Ikoranabuhanga ya Georgia ho muri Atlanta (USA) yatangaje ko ku mpera ya
ruguru n’iy'epfo bya Mars habonetse ibibumbe by’urubura aho mu gihe cy’ubushyuhe
bwinshi ibyo bibumbe bigabanuka mu ngano kubera gushonga. Naho mu gihe
cy’ubukonje bwinshi byaguka mu mubyimba ukagera hafi kuri kilometero eshatu.
Urundi rubura kandi
rwagaragaye munsi y’ubutaka. Abashakashatsi bavumbuye ikibuye kinini cy’urubura
ngo kingana na leta ya California n’iya Texas zombi zifatanye, kikaba
giherereye hagati y’umurongo muganda ugabanya mo umubumbe kabiri (equator)
n’impera ya ruguru (Noth pole) aho nyine kuri Mars. Mu bigaragara rero hari
n’ibindi bice by’uriya mubumbe wenda bitaragaragara ariko bishobora kuba
bibitse amazi.
Icyogajuru cy’ikigo
cy’abanyaburayi gishinzwe iby’isanzure (European
Space Agency) giherutse gufata amashusho
y’urubura ruherereye ku ndiba y’imyobo migari iba hejuru ku misozi ya
Mars (craters) bigaragaza neza ko haba hiretse amazi afite ingano runaka.
Indi myobo iri kudusongero tw’imisozi ya Mars yafotowe n’ikindi cyogajuru cy’abanyaAmerika nayo igaragaza neza rwose ko ifite urubura ku ndiba zayo.
Imyobo iba ku dusongero tw’imisozi ya Mars ifite urubura ku ndiba
Ibimenyetso bya mbere by’uko
umubumbe wa Mars ufite amazi ku buryo budashidikanywaho byabonetse mu 2000
ubwo habonekaga ibibaya bisa nk’aho byarimo ibintu bisukika. Iyi ngingo ikaba
yaranagiweho impaka nyinshi cyane mu myaka yakurikiye.
N’ubwo bimeze bityo ariko
siko abantu bose babyemeza ko hariya hantu hari amazi. Hari abandi
bashakashatsi bavuze ko imiferege yabonetse yakozwe yatewe n’umuyaga wahushye
umukungugu ndetse n’imicanga bigakora ibisa n’imiringoti nk’uko mu butayu
bigenda. Ibi byatumye umushakashatsi witwa Colin
Dundas avuga ko rwose Mars nta kitwa amazi cyahigeze ahubwo
ko ari ubutayu gusa.
Ibi bitekezo byaje
guhagarikwa n’ubushakashatsi buheruka bwagaragaje ko umubumbe wa Mars ufite
ikiyaga munsi y’ubutaka ahagana ku mpera y’epfo (south pole).
Iby’ikiyaga kiri munsi y’ubutaka kuri Mars biteye
bite?
Ubwo abashakashatsi
batangazaga ko babonye ikiyaga munsi y’ubutaka bwa Mars ku mugaragaro, byabaye
ikintu gitangaje ndetse benshi birabashimisha. Iki kiyaga cyavumbuwe n’ibyuma
by’indeba kure byari ku cyogajuru cy’abanyaburayi cyoherejwe kugenzura uriya
mubumbe mu buryo bwihariye ndetse iki cyogajuru kiranawukurikira mu nzira yawo
uzenguruka izuba.
Iki kiyaga cyabonywe mu
bujyakuzimu bwa kilometelo 1.5 uvuye ku butaka ndetse gifite umurambararo wa
Kilometero 200. Gusa ntiharamenyekana neza ubujyakuzimu bwacyo ariko hakekwa
ko cyaba gifite metero imwe y’ubujyakuzimu.
Kuva mu 1971 ubwo icyogajuru
kiswe Mariner 9 cyageraga ku wundi mubumbe bwa mbere, amafoto cyagarukanye
yerekanaga ibisa n’imigezi yakamye byerekanye ko amazi yigeze kuba kuri Mars
byanze bikunze.
Mu myaka ya 1990 ibyogajuru
bitatu bya NASA n’ikindi kimwe cyoherejwe n’ikigo cy’abanyaburayi gishinzwe
iby’ikirere byoherejwe kwiga kuri uriya mubumbe kuva hasi kugera hejuru, bifata
amashusho y’imiterere yawo yose yewe binasuzuma ibijyanye n’amabuye ndetse
n’imyunyu munsi y’ubutaka bwa Mars.
Bimwe mu byogajuru byabonye
imyunyu ikimenyetso cy’uko higeze amazi. Ibindi byaje kubona urubura runini
rukubye ikiyaga cya Michigan inshuro ebyiri. Byagaragaye ko kandi haba harigeze
kuba amasoko ashyushye azwi nk’amashyuza mu butaka bwaho. Nyuma baza no kubona
ibibumbe by’urubura mu misozi yaho.
Mu myaka cumi n’itanu ishize
ikigo cy’Abanyamerika gishinzwe iby’ikirere NASA cyohereje imashini
yikoresha (robot) yiswe 'Curiosity rover' kiza gucukura ibintu bibonerana byaje
kuyenga birabura burundu nyuma y’iminsi ine, bikaba byaratumye abashakashatsi
bemeza ko byari ibice by’urubura rwaje gushonga.
Amazi ni ikintu abantu bose
b'isi duhuriyeho mu gukoresha, ariko mu by’ukuri afite akamaro kanini karenze
ibyo twe dutekeraza. Usibye ibijyanye no kumenya uko umubumbe wagiye
uhindagurika uko ibihe byagiye bisimburana, abashakashatsi bizera ko nyuma yo
kubona amazi kuri Mars ku buryo bufatika bizaba inzira yo kuvumbura ibindi bintu
by’agaciro haba ubu ndetse n’igihe kizaza.
Muri uyu mwaka wa 2020 hari
indi mashini imeze nk’imodoka yoherejwe kuri Mars ngo izacukure ubutaka bwaho
maze buzanwe ku isi bupimwe mu mazu yabugenewe y’ubushakashatsi (Laboratoire)
kugira ngo higwe ibintu byinshi birimo: uburyo umwuka umuntu ahumeka (oxygen)
washyirwa hariya hantu, uburyo ibyogajuru byajya bihagarara byoroshye ku butaka
bwaho, n’ibindi by’ingenzi byafasha umuntu kuhamara igihe kirekire.
Imashini yikoresha (Robot) iteye nk’imodoka yoherejwe
mu bushakashatsi kuri Mars mu 2020
Src: independent.co.uk, NASA
Umwanditsi: Dusabimana Soter-InyaRwanda.com
TANGA IGITECYEREZO