Uyu munsi, nibura abantu 746 baturuka mu bihugu 52 bamaze kugera mu isanzure, barimo abagiye mu rwego rw’akazi nk’abahanga mu by’isanzure ndetse n’abagiye mu ngendo zishyurwa zo gutembera mu isanzure bisanzwe.
Nk'uko tubikesha ikinyamakuru Al Jazeera, iki cyumweru kiba kirimo ibikorwa bitandukanye birimo amasomo y’ubumenyi, kureba inyenyeri, imurikabikorwa ndetse n’ibiganiro bitangwa n’abahanga mu by’isanzure.
Urugendo rwatangijwe na Sputnik 1
Ku itariki ya 4 Ukwakira 1957, Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Abasoviyete zashyize mu isanzure Sputnik 1, icyogajuru cya mbere cyakoze urugendo kizenguruka Isi.
Ibi byafunguye icyiswe Space Age, ndetse bituma hatangira irushanwa rikomeye hagati y’Abasoviyete na Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu bijyanye no gukora ubushakashatsi no gukoresha isanzure.
Nyuma y’imyaka 10, ku ya 10 Ukwakira 1967, amasezerano mpuzamahanga agenga ikoreshwa ry’isanzure (Outer Space Treaty) yatangiye gukurikizwa. Aya masezerano ashimangira ko isanzure rigomba gukoreshwa mu mahoro kandi ko nta gihugu kigomba kurifata nk’ubutaka bwacyo bwite.
Yuri Gagarin yabaye umuntu wa mbere ugeze mu isanzure
Ku ya 12 Mata 1961, Umusoviyeti Yuri Gagarin yabaye umuntu wa mbere mu mateka ugeze mu isanzure.
Yari mu cyogajuru Vostok 1, aho yamaze iminota 108 mu rugendo rwamuzengurukije Isi inahuro imwe. Icyo gihe icyogajuru cye cyagendaga ku muvuduko wa hafi kilometero 27,400 ku isaha.
Uru rugendo rwagaragaje ko umuntu ashobora kugera mu isanzure, akihanganira urugendo atamenyereye ndetse n’imiterere idasanzwe yo hanze y’Isi.
Nyuma y’imyaka umunani, mu 1969, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika na NASA bakoze amateka ubwo Neil Armstrong yabaga umuntu wa mbere wakandagiye ku Kwezi mu butumwa bwa Apollo 11.
Isanzure ritangirira he?
Nta murongo umwe ibihugu byose byemeranyaho ugaragaza aho isanzure ritangirira.
Inzego nyinshi mpuzamahanga zikoresha icyo bita Kármán line, giherereye mu bilometero 100 uvuye ku Isi. Ariko Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, NASA n’izindi nzego zayo zikoresha kilometero 80 nk’urugero rwerekana aho umuntu ashobora gufatwa nk’uwageze mu isanzure.
Ni ibihe bihugu bimaze kohereza abantu mu isanzure?
Ukurikije igipimo cya kilometero 100 cya Kármán line, nibura abantu 746 baturuka mu bihugu 52 bamaze kugera mu isanzure.
Muri abo harimo abahanga mu by’isanzure bagiye mu butumwa bw’akazi ndetse n’abantu bishyuye amafaranga kugira ngo bagire amahirwe yo kujya mu ngendo zo mu isanzure.
Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ni cyo gihugu gifite umubare munini w’abantu bamaze kugera mu isanzure, aho habarurwa abantu 369.
U Burusiya, ari nabwo buza ku mwanya wa 2 bumaze koherezayo abantu 138.
U Bushinwa bwohereje abantu 29 mu isanzure, ndetse ni cyo gihugu cya gatatu cyagejeje abantu mu isanzure gikoresheje ibisasu byacyo.
Muri iyi mibare harimo n’abantu bafite ubwenegihugu bubiri ndetse n’abagiye mu isanzure bahagarariye ibihugu bitakiriho nka Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Abasoviyete.
Umuntu umwe muri barindwi bageze mu isanzure ni umugore
Nubwo abagore bagenda barushaho kugira uruhare mu bushakashatsi n’ingendo zo mu isanzure, imibare igaragaza ko abagabo ari bo bakiri benshi cyane muri uru rwego.
Mu bantu 746 bamaze kugera mu isanzure, 112 ni abagore, bangana na hafi 15% gusa, ni ukuvuga umuntu umwe muri barindwi.
Umugore wa mbere wageze mu isanzure ni Umusoviyete Valentina Tereshkova, wabikoze muri Kamena 1963.
Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, umugore wa mbere wageze mu isanzure yabaye Sally Ride, mu 1983.
Umubare w’abagore uri kwiyongera cyane, by’umwihariko kubera ko ubu hari ibigo byigenga bitangira gutanga ingendo zo mu isanzure ku bantu bishyura.
Imibare igaragaza ko abantu benshi bageze mu isanzure bwa mbere bari bafite imyaka iri hagati ya 30 na 40. Hafi 85% by’abageze mu isanzure bwa mbere bari muri icyo kigero cy’imyaka mu gihe impuzandengo ari imyaka 40.
Ingendo z’ibigo byigenga nazo zatangiye gutuma abantu bafite imyaka itandukanye babona amahirwe yo kugera mu isanzure. Umuntu muto cyane wageze mu isanzure ni Oliver Daemen, wari ufite imyaka 18 ubwo yajyagayo muri 2021. Umukuru cyane ni Ed Dwight, wagezeyo muri 2024 afite imyaka 90 n’amezi umunani.
Ubushakashatsi n’ingendo z’abantu mu isanzure bikomeje kwaguka. Muri Mata 2026, abari mu butumwa bwa Artemis II bazengurutse ukwezi, bagera ku ntera ya kilometero zirenga 406,000 uvuye ku Isi, barenga intera yari yaragezweho n’ubutumwa bwa Apollo 13 mu 1970.
NASA iteganya ko ubutumwa bwa Artemis III buzakurikiraho muri 2027, mu rwego rwo gukomeza kugerageza ikoranabuhanga rizakoreshwa mu butumwa bwo ku Kwezi.
Hari kandi gahunda y’uko Artemis IV ishobora kugeza abantu hafi y’agace k’Amajyepfo y’Ukwezi muri 2028, bikaba byaba ari ubwa mbere abantu bongeye kugera ku Kwezi kuva mu 1972.
Ku ruhande rw’Ubuhinde, gahunda ya Gaganyaan iteganya ko icyo gihugu kizohereza abantu mu isanzure muri 2027, mu gihe Ubushinwa bwo bufite gahunda yo kujyana abantu ku Kwezi ahagana muri 2030.
Ibi byose bigaragaza ko nyuma y’imyaka isaga 60 umuntu wa mbere ageze mu isanzure, ubushakashatsi bwaho bukomeje kwaguka, ndetse ibihugu n’ibigo byigenga bikomeje gushaka uburyo abantu barushaho gukora ingendo ndende hanze y’Isi.
