Dore abahanga batanu ibikorwa byabo byafashije kurokora ubuzima bwa miliyoni z’abantu ku isi.
1. Maurice Hilleman: umushakashatsi wakoze inkingo nyinshi
Dr. Maurice Hilleman yari umuhanga w’Umunyamerika w’inzobere mu by’imigera. Mu gihe cy’umwuga we, yakoze inkingo zigera kuri 40, zirimo izirinda indwara nka mugiga, agasama, amasambambwika n’ibihara.
Bivugwa ko inkingo yakoze zagize uruhare mu kurokora ubuzima bw’abantu barenga miliyoni 130.
Hilleman kandi ni umwe mu bahanga bagaragaje ko virusi itera ibicurane ishobora guhinduka, bigatuma inkingo zabyo zigomba kuvugururwa buri mwaka.
Mu 1957, ubwo yabonaga ibimenyetso by’uko icyorezo cy’ibicurane gishobora kwaduka, yahise atangira gukora urukingo rushya, bituma ubukana bw’icyo cyorezo bugabanuka.
2. Alexander Fleming: wavumbuye penicillin
Mu mwaka wa 1928, umuhanga w’Umwongereza Sir Alexander Fleming yakoze ubushakashatsi bwaje guhindura amateka y’ubuvuzi.
Agarutse mu biruhuko, yasanze rimwe mu mabakure yakoreragamo ubushakashatsi ryarafashwe n’ifira. Icyamutangaje ni uko mu gice cyari hafi y’iryo fira nta mikorobe yari iri gukura.
Fleming yaje gutahura ko iryo fira ryari risohora ikinyabutabire gishobora kurwanya no kwica mikorobe.
Icyo kinyabutabire yise penicillin, cyaje kuba intangiriro y’imiti ya antibiyotike ikoreshwa mu kuvura indwara nyinshi ziterwa na bagiteri.
Nyuma y’imyaka irenga icumi, umuhanga w’Umunya-Australia Howard Florey na bagenzi be bashoboye gutandukanya no gutunganya penicillin ku buryo yashoboraga gukoreshwa nk’umuti.
Kuva icyo gihe, penicillin n’imiti yaturutse kuri ubu bushakashatsi byafashije kurokora ubuzima bw’abantu barenga miliyoni 200.
3. Frederick Banting: wavumbuye insulin
Mbere y’uko insulin iboneka, diyabete y’ubwoko bwa mbere yari indwara ishobora guhitana cyane cyane abana bakiri bato.
Mu 1921, umuhanga w’Umunya-Canada Sir Frederick Banting yavumbuye insulin, umusemburo w’umubiri ugira uruhare mu kugenzura igipimo cy’isukari mu maraso.
Banting yerekanye ko insulin ishobora gufasha mu kuvura diyabete, mu gihe mugenzi we James Collip yateje imbere uburyo bwo kuyisukura kugira ngo ibashe gukoreshwa ku bantu.
Ubwo bushakashatsi bwahinduye ubuzima bw’abantu babarirwa muri miliyoni, kuko diyabete y’ubwoko bwa mbere itakomeje kuba igihano cy’urupfu ku bayirwaye.
4. Norman Borlaug: umuhanga wafashije kurwanya inzara
Prof. Norman Ernest Borlaug yari umuhanga w’Umunyamerika mu by’ubuhinzi. Mu myaka ya 1950 na 1960, yakoze ubushakashatsi bugamije kongera umusaruro w’ingano no kuzihanganisha indwara.
Yateje imbere ubwoko bushya bw’ingano bwatanze umusaruro mwinshi kandi bukagira ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira indwara.
Izi mbuto zagejejwe ku bahinzi bo mu bihugu birimo Mexico, Pakistan n’Ubuhinde, aho ikibazo cy’umusaruro muke w’ibiribwa cyari gikomeye.
Ubushakashatsi bwe bwagize uruhare rukomeye mu kongera umusaruro w’ibiribwa ku isi. BBC ivuga ko ibikorwa bye bigereranywa no kuba byaragize uruhare mu kurokora ubuzima bw’abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 245, binyuze mu kongera umusaruro w’ibiribwa no kugabanya inzara.
5. Karl Landsteiner: wavumbuye amatsinda y’amaraso
Mbere y’uko amatsinda y’amaraso amenyekana neza, gutera umuntu amaraso y’undi byashoboraga guteza ibibazo bikomeye ndetse bikamuhitana.
Mu 1901, umuhanga w’Umunya-Austria Karl Landsteiner yavumbuye ko amaraso y’abantu atandukanye atandukanye mu miterere. Ibyo byaje gutuma hamenyekana amatsinda y’amaraso.
Ubuvumbuzi bwe bwafashije abaganga kumenya amaraso ashobora guterwa umurwayi n’ayagomba kwirindwa.
Ibi byafunguye inzira yo gukora ibikorwa byo gutanga no guterwa amaraso mu buryo butekanye, bikomeza kurokora ubuzima bw’abantu benshi kugeza uyu munsi.
Siyansi yakomeje guhindura ubuzima bw’abantu
Inkuru z’aba bahanga batanu zigaragaza uburyo ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi bushobora guhindura ubuzima bwa miliyoni z’abantu. Inkingo, antibiyotike, insulin, umusaruro w’ibiribwa ndetse n’uburyo bwo guterana amaraso ni bimwe mu bikorwa byagize uruhare mu kugabanya impfu no kongera imyaka abantu bashobora kubaho.
Ibyo kandi bigaragaza ko ubuvuzi bugezweho butubakiye ku muntu umwe gusa, ahubwo ko ari umusaruro w’imyaka myinshi y’ubushakashatsi n’iterambere rya siyansi.