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Uburyo ibihugu bineka abaturage humvirizwa telefoni n’ibikorerwa kuri internet

Yanditswe na: Christophe Renzaho
Taliki:7/10/2015 10:35
6


Telefoni nziza utunze, waguze iguhenze ushobora gusanga hari abayikoresha kukurusha. Ibyo wandika kuri internet ukoresheje ijambo ry’ibanga rihanitse, ushobora gusanga bidahagije kuko hari ababyinjiramo igihe bashakiye.



Ushobora kuba warumvise iyumvirizwa ry’amatelefoni cyangwa ubutasi ku bikorerwa ku mbuga za internet. Ibihugu binyuranye byumviriza abaturage babyo mu mpamvu zinyuranye ariko hakomeje kwaduka ubundi buryo bwisumbuyeho butuma ibihugu bibasha kubona kuburyo bworoshye ibikorerwa ku matelefoni agezweho(Smartphones).

Ubwongereza bufite ubuhanga bwo kumviriza telefoni zose zigezweho

Edward Snowden yahoze ari umukozi mu biro by’ubutasi bya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu kigo cya  National Security Agency (NSA).  Kuva ku itariki 06 Kamena 2013 nibwo uyu mugabo w’umuhanga mu ikoranabuhanga rya mudasobwa (informaticien) yatangiye kumena amabanga  ahanitse ya Amerika (Top secrets). Amabanga Snowden yamenye abinyujije mu itangazamakuru ni agendanye cyane cyane n’ubutasi Amerika n’Ubwongereza bikora byumviriza Telefoni z’abantu ku isi yose. Ibi byose yabikoze ngo agamije kwereka abatuye isi ibikorwa mu izina ryabo bibafiteho ingaruka  havugwa ko hagamijwe kubacungira umutekano nyamara bo batanazi ko bikorwa. Amerika yatangiye guhiga bukware Snowden  igira ngo imuryoze ibyo yakoze nyuma aza guhabwa ubuhungiro mu Burusiya muri 2013.

Nubwo Amerika ikimuhigisha uruhindu, Snowden amabanga aracyayamena. Ku wa mbere w’iki cyumweru turimo , ku itariki 05 Ukwakira 2015 nibwo Edward Snowden  yatangarije BBC binyuze mu kiganiro cyayo Panorama  ko kugeza ubu ikigo cy’ubutasi cy’Ubwongereza GCHQ (Governement Communication Headquaters )gifite ubushobozi bwo kwinjira muri telefoni ngendanwa zigezweho(Smartphones) z’abantu kandi ntibamenye ko byabayeho hoherejwemo ubutumwa umuntu atabasha gusoma(encrypted text message). Ubu  butumwa ngo bugera muri telefoni y’umuntu atabizi ndetse ntanubwo abibona.

edward snowden

Edward Snowden ukomeje kumena amabanga y'ubutasi bwa Amerika n'Ubwongereza

Porogaramu ya Smurf suite ikoreshwa mu kwinjira muri Smartphone iyo ariyo yose

Snowden yatangaje ko GCHQ ifatanyije na NSA yahoze akorera byashoye amafaranga menshi mu rwego rwo kumviriza no kuneka telefoni ngendanwa.Yagize ati “ Bakeneye telefoni yawe kurusha wowe” Ubu buryo nibwo nyuma bwaje guhabwa izina rya Smurf suite. Dreamy Smurf ni uburyo iki kigo gishobora gukoresha kikazimya telefoni cyangwa kikaba cyayicana nyirayo atamenye ko byabayeho. Ubundi buryo bukoreshwa nkuko Snowden yabitangarije BBC ni Nosey Smurf ifite ubushobozi butuma bumviriza ibivugirwa hafi yawe. Urugero telefoni  yawe iramutse iri mu mufuka, GCHQ ikoresha microfone yayo bakabasha kumva ibivugirwa aho uri.

Tracker Smurf yo ikoreshwa na GCHQ mu gukurikirana aho umuntu bashaka aherereye kandi nta kwibeshya(greater precision). Ntibigarukira aho, iyo  uramutse ubonye ko hari ikidasanzwe kuri telefoni yawe cyangwa ukagira icyo ukeka, Paronoid Smurf nibwo buryo GCHQ ikoresha mu kunaniza umuteknisiye (technician) wese wayishyira kutabasha kubona ko hari impinduka yabaye mui telefoni yawe.  Izi n’izindi Snwoden yatangaje ko arizo bakoresha bareba abo uhamagara, ubutumwa wandika, ibintu wasomye ku mbuga za internet (the things you've browsed), urutonde rw’abantu ufite muri telefoni yawe, ihuzanzira telefoni yawe ikoresha(wireless networks) n’ibindi. Snowden yongeyeho ati “ Bakora byinshi birenzeho, banagufotora.” Mu buryo busa no gutebya, Snowden yatangaje ko nubwo twigurira amatelefoni yacu ariko abakoresha izi progaramu zo kuneka aribo baba ari ba nyiri telefoni kuko bazikoresha uko babishaka.

Amafaranga menshi ashorwa muri ibi bikorwa byo kumviriza no kuneka telefoni ngendanwa

Abajijwe ihuriro rya GCHQ na NSA yo muri Amerika, Snowden yatangaje ko iki kigo cyo mu Bwongereza gikora nk’igice cya NSA. Ati “ NSA niyo itanga ikoranabuhanga , niyo itanga inshingano kuri GCHQ nicyo bagomba gukora .”  Ikigo cya NSA ngo gifite indi porogaramu (program) isa na Smurf Suite yatwaye akayabo ka miliyari y’Amadorali  ($1 Billion) ni ukuvuga angana na miliyari Magana arindwi na mirongo itanu z’amanyarwanda(750.000.000.000 RFW) mu rwego rwo gukurikirana umubare munini ukomeje kwiyongera w’ibyihebe bikoresha telefoni zigezweho(Smartphones).

Snowden yatangaje ko ibi byose bikorwa mu rwego rwo gukurikirana ibyihebe ndetse n’ibyaha bikomeye cyane ariko kugira ngo bigerweho hakaba hagomba gukusanywa amakuru menshi (collect mass data). Ati “ Batangaza ko batagusomera ubutumwa bwawe(email) ariko niyo babikoze ntabwo ubimenya.”

Umuvugizi wa Leta y’Ubwongereza yahakanye ibyavuzwe na Snowden atangaza ko ibikorwa byose GCHQ ikora bikurikiza amategeko n’amabwiriza.

Uburyo ibigo by’itumanaho byatannze amabanga y’abakiriya mu butasi kubera kubura amahitamo

 Ikinyamakuru Le monde mu nyandiko yacyo yo muri Kanama 2013 cyahaye umutwe ugira uti “Comment la Grande-Bretagne espionnait avec l'aide d'opérateurs” cyatangaje ko kuva ku itariki 21 Kamena 2013 ubwo Snowden yatangiraga kumena amabanga menshi ahanini y’ikigo cya NSA yakoreraga aribwo hamenyekanye ko Ubwongereza bufite uburyo bw’ibanga bwo kugenzura ibikorerwa kubyuma by’ikoranabuhanga(surveillance électronique) bise Tempora. Kugira ngo kibigereho, ikigo cya GCHQ  ngo cyakoranye mu buryo bw’ibanga n’amakompanyi y’itumanaho  7 ari nayo yagihaga amakuru . Ibyo bigo  byahawe amazina ya intercept partners ni British Telecom, Vodafone Cable, Verizon Business, Global Crossing, Level 3, Viatel na Interoute.  Icyo byakoze, ibi bigo byahaye uburenganzira GCHQ bwo gukoresha insinga zabyo (Cables/Câbles) harimo n’izinyura munsi y’inyanja(undersea cables) ndetse n’amabanga yerekeye imikoreshereze yazo.  Izi nsinga nizo ahanini ziba zikoreshwa mu itumanaho rya telefoni ndetse n’ikoreshwa rya internet ku isi hose.

The Doughnut, akabyiniro gahabwa inyubako ikoreramo ibiro bikuru bya GCHQ biherereye Cheltenham

Mu nyandiko yacyo” BT and Vodafone among telecoms companies passing details to GCHQ”, ikinyamakuru The Guardian cyatangaje ko ibi bigo byahaga GCHQ ibyerekeye telefoni z’abakiriya babo, ubutumwa bwa Email, amagambo y’ibanga abafasha kwinjira ku rubuga rwa Facebook,…Mu nkuru The Guardian yanditse  ibikesha ikinyamakuru Süddeutsche cyo mu Budage, yavugaga ko iki kinyamakuru  muri 2009 cyabonye inyandiko yo muri Power Point(progaramu  ikoreshwa kuri mudasobwa hashakwa kwerekanwa inyandiko ndende ku bantu benshi icyarimwe)y’ikigo cya GCHQ ivuga kuri Tempora . Muri iyi nyandiko ngo buri kigo cyahabwaga izina ry’ibanga(codename): BT  bayitaga "Remedy", Verizon Business ikitwa "Dacron", Vodafone Cable  ihabwa izina rya "Gerontic"…. Izi kompanyi zanze kugira icyo zitangaza kukuba zarakoranaga na GCHQ gusa zatangaje ko zasabwe gukorera ku mategeko agenga Ubwongereza ndetse n’ibihugu by’iburayi. Umutangabuhamya utaravuzwe izina na The Guardian  ariko ufite aho ahurira n’ubutasi bw’Ubwongereza yatangaje ko ntamahitamo ibi bigo byari bifite yo kwanga gukorana na GCHQ mu kuneka abakiriya babo uretse kwemera ibyo basabwaga.

Ishami rya GCHQ riri muri  Bude, amajyaruguru ya  Cornwall,  niryo ngo rijyanama amakuru avugirwa kuri telefoni ndetse n’aca kuri internet  aturutse mu Burayi bw’Iburengerazuba (Western Europe) anyuze mu nsinga  zo munsi y’inyanja akajyanwa muri Amerika ya ruguru. Ibi nibyo bifasha inzobere za GCHQ na NSA mu gusesengura amakuru baba babonye bifashishije mudasobwa zihambaye muri aka kazi.

NSA yageneye GCHQ miliyoni 15,5 z’ama Euro zo   kuvugurura gusa  ikigo cya Bude. Uyashyize mu manyarwanda ni  miliyari zisaga 12(12,827,665,212RFW),kimwe mu bimenyetso bigaragaza amafaranga y’umurengera ashorwa mu butasi na Amerika ndetse n’Ubwongereza


Ibisahane bikorana na Satellite(Satellite dishes) byo mu kigo cya Bude

Leta ya Amerika itera inkunga GCHQ ngo ibashe kuyikorera ubutasi

Mu mwaka wa 2012 wonyine, GCHQ yumvirije telefoni zigera kuri miliyoni 600 ndetse ivana amakuru ku nsinga 200(fibre-optic cables). Buri rutsinga nibura rwoherezaga nibura  gigabits 10 buri segonda. Amakuru akurwa kuri izi nsinga angana na 21 petabytes ku munsi. Kugira ngo wumve uburemere cyangwa ingano aya makuru iki kigo cyakira, ibi ikinyamakuru The Guardian cyabigereranyije ni uko wafata amakuru ari mu bitabo byose byo mu isomero ryo mu Bwongereza, ukayohereza inshuro 192  mu masaha 24. Kugeza muri Gicurasi 2012, inzobere mu gusesengura amakuru 300 ba GCHQ na 250 ba NSA nibo bakoraga akazi ko gusesengura akazi ko mu mushinga wa Tempora. Xkeyscore niyo ifasha NSA kuba yabasha kubona icyo buri muntu akoze kuri internet .

Mu nyandiko yacyo yo muri 2013, cyahaye umutwe  ugira uti ’ Exclusive: NSA pays £100m in secret funding for GCHQ’ , ikinyamakuru The Guardian cyatangaje ko nibura kuva muri 2010 kugeza muri 2013, Leta ya Amerika yageneye GCHQ miliyoni 100 z’ama Euro(82,759,130,400 RFW) mu buryo bw’ibanga mu rwego rwo kubasha koroshya inzira zo kugera  ku makuru yayo no kuyikoresha mu kazi kayo (Amerika). Uku gushora imari kwa Amerika yabikoraga mu rwego rwo gufasha iki kigo kubasha gukora akazi kose babasaba kubakorera. Mu nyandiko yabonywe ya GCHQ yagaragazaga ko iki kigo cyari kikiri ku rwego rudashimishije ugereranyije n’ibyo NSA ya Amerika yayisabaga kuyikorera(Kuneka no kumviriza.)

Ubufatanye bw’ibuhugu 5 mu butasi bukomeye bwabayeho mu mateka ya muntu

Kuneka no kumviriza amatelefoni si iby’ubu. Ubufatanye bwa Amerika n’Ubwongereza mu gutata isi yose  ntibije muri iyi myaka ya vuba. Hari tariki 05 Werurwe 1946 ubwo Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika n’Ubwongereza zasinyaga amasezerano y’ubufatanye mu gutata bise United Kingdom - United States Communications Intelligence Agreement izwi ku izina rya UKUSA.  Iki gihe nibwo hari hatangiye intambara y’ubutita. Amerika yari ihanganye cyane na Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Abasoviyeti(URSS). Nyuma ibi bihugu byaje kwiyungwaho na Canada, Australie, ndetse na Nouvelle-Zélande bihwaba akazina ka ‘Five eyes’ ,ihuriro ryabo bakaryita P415 ariko rizwi cyane ku izina rya réseau Echelon.

Uretse ibigo bya Amerika n’Ubwongereza twavuze haruguru, igihugu cya Canada gifite ikigo bita CSTC (Centre de la sécurité des télécommunications Canada) , Australie ikagira ASD (Australian Signals Directorate) naho Nouvelle- Zélande ikagira icyitwa  GCSB (Government Communications Security Bureau) . Ibi bigo byose bikora akazi kamwe ko kumviriza telefoni ndetse no gukusanya amakuru  anyura kuri internet ariko NSA ikaba ariyo isa nibikuriye ndetse ikaba ariyo itanga umusanzu ukomeye mu gukora kwabyo. Ibi bigo by’ubutasi byubatse muri i Leitrim muri Canada, i Morwenstow mu Bwongereza,  Pine Gap muri Australie ,naho icyo muri Nouvelle Zelande giherereye i Waihopai. Icyicaro gikuru cya NSA kiba mu gace ka Fort George G. Meade muri  Maryland. Ubufatanye bw’ibi bihugu mu guhanahana amakuru yumvirizwa kuri telefoni ndetse n’amabanga yo kuri internet niko kuneka gukomeye kwabayeho mu mateka ya muntu. Mu kuneka ibi bihugu byifashisha ibyogajuru (Satellite).

Muri 1988 umunyamakuru Duncan Campbell ukomoka muri Ecosse niwe wa mbere watangaje ubufatanye bw’ibi bigo mu butasi nyuma y’imyaka igera kuri 40 bikora ariko abaturage batabizi. Ibi yabitangaje mu nkuru yahaye umutwe ugira uti “ Somebody's listening”(Tugenekereje mu Kinyarwanda yagiraga iti ‘Hari uri kukumviriza’). Muri 1996 nibwo umunyamakuru Nicky Hager yanditse igitabo acyita Secret power  agamije kugaragaza uruhare rw’igihugu cye muri uyu mushinga. Kuva icyo gihe kunekana no kwibana amabanga hagati y’amakompanyi akomeye ku isi nka Thomson-CSF, Airbus, AT&T, n’andi  kwariyongereye cyane.

Muri 2005 nibwo umwanditsi Jean-Claude Sidoun yanditse igitabo yise «  Ovnis, guerre froide, le grand jeu ». Muri iki gitabo uyu mwanditsi avugamo amafaranga y’umurengera akoreshwa n’ibigo bihuriye muri Echelon. Jean Claude atangaza ko ikigo cya NSA ubwacyo gikoresha abakozi 38.000 ndetse ku mwaka kigakoresha ingengo y’imari ingana na miliyari 3,6 z’Amadorali. Uyashyize mu manyarwanda usanga ko asaga triyari 2 na miliyari 700(2700.000.000.000 RFW). Ikigo cya GCHQ cyo ngo gikoresha abakozi 15.000 n’ingengo y’imari ingana na miliyoni 730 z’ama Pounds. Uyashyize mu manyarwanda usanga iki kigo buri mwaka gikoresha amafaranga asaga miliyari magana inani (818.382.166.457 RFW). Ibindi bigo nabyo biri muri ubu bufatanye bikoresha amafaranga menshi uretse ko ntaho ahuriye n’ay’ibi bigo bibiri.

Inyubako y'icyicaro gikuru cya NSA ikigo cya mbere ku isi gikoresha ingengo y'imari nyinshi mu butasi

Plundered: The NSA and FBI have been pulling personal data directly from the mainframes of top US tech giants

Imbuga zikomeye ku isi nka Google, Skype, Yahoo,Facebook, Youtube, ..n'ibigo bikomeye nka Microsoft, Apple,Verizon,..ni bimwe NSA na FBI bikuramo amakuru yo gukoresha mu butasi

Ninde wumvirizwa , bikorwa hagamijwe iki?

Nkuko twabibonye haruguru ibi bihugu ahanini n’ibindi bibikora mu rwego rwo kwirinda iterabwoba ndetse no kuneka ibindi byaha bikomeye . Nyamara  iyo ushishoje usanga kuneka no kumviriza bikoreshwa no mu zindi nyungu z’ibihugu bibikora haba mu rwego rwa gisirikare , mu rwego rw’ubukungu ndetse no mu rwego rwa politiki.

Muri 2013 Edward Snowden yatangaje inkuru yatumye Ubudage bugwa mu kantu ndetse busa nkaho bugambaniwe na Amerika bakoranaga bya hafi.  Kuva muri 2002 Amerika ngo yumviriga  chancelière w’Ubudage Angela Merkel twakwita ko ariwe ubuyoboye.  Muri 2009 nabwo ikigo cy'ubutasi cya Amerika NSA cyumvirije Angel Merkel. Iki gihe ngo inzego z’Ubutasi zashakaga kumenya icyo atekereza ku kibazo cya Iran byavugwaga ko itunze ibisasu bya kirimbuzi nubwo ngo na nyuma yaho NSA yakomeje kujya yumviriza telefoni ye.

Angela Merkel ni umwe mu bayobozi bakomeye i Burayi bumvirijwe kuri Telefoni

Abaperezida b'Ubufaransa nabo barumvirijwe

Nyamara ibi Amerika yabikoze, mu gihe Ubudage bwari  mu bihugu byayifashaga kumviriza Abayobozi b’Ubufaransa ndetse no mu bindi bihugu by’Iburayi nkuko ikinyamakuru l’Express cyabitangaje mu nyandiko yacyo yo muri Mata 2015, inyandiko cyahaye umutwe ugira uti “Berlin aurait espionné des officiels français et européens pour la NSA’. Muri iyi nyandiko iki kinyamakuru gihamya ko BND, urwego rw’Ubutasi rw’Ubudage rwakoranaga bya hafi na NSA.  Ibinyamakuru Mediapart na  Libération byatangaje ko NSA yumvirizaga abayobozi b’igihugu cy’Ubufaransa  harimo Chirac, Sarkozy na Francois Hollande kuva muri 2006 kugeza muri 2012 uretse ko hari n’ibindi bitangazamakuru bitangaza ko uku kumviriza abayobozi b’Ubufaransa byatangiye muri 2004.  Muri Kanama 2014 ikinyamakuru Der Spiegel cyo mu Budage cyatangaje ko Leta ya Israel yumvirizaga umunyamabanga wa Leta ya Amerika ,John Kerry ubwo iki gihugu cyari mu biganiro by’amahoro na Palestine muri 2013.  Icyo gihe John Kerry yasabaga ko Leta ya Israel yareka kugaba ibitero bya gisirikare  muri Gaza. Abahaye amakuru Der Spiegel batangaje ko iki gihugu cyakoreshaga ibyogajuru bya Satellite mu kumviriza ibyo John Kerry yavugiraga kuri Telefoni.

Urutonde rw’abakuru b’ibihugu bumvirijwe ku mpamvu za Politiki ni rurerure. Izi ngero z’ibihugu bikomeye byumvirizanya hagati yabyo bigaragaza ko ntakabuza Afrika n’indi migabane nayo bayumviriza ku mpamvu zinyuranye. Iki kandi kikaba ikimenyetso ko kumviriza telefoni bidakorwa gusa ku mpamvu z’umutekano w’igihugu ahubwo haba hari n’izindi mpamvu za Politiki zibiri inyuma. Kuneka abakuru b’ibindi bihugu n’inganda zinyuranye kwa NSA ubwo byamenyekanaga bitewe na Snowden byateje impagarara ndetse no kutarebana neza kw’ibihugu byumvirizwaga na Amerika ifatanyije n’ibigo twavuze haruguru.

Ibi bikorwa Amerika n’Ubwongereza bishinjwa , abayobozi b’ibi bihugu bakunze kubihakana. Nubwo twibanze kuri Amerika n’Ubwongereza ariko buri gihugu ku isi gifite uburyo bwacyo gikoresha muri aka kazi k’ubutasi ku matelefoni ndetse n’ibikorerwa kuri internet.

Iyi ni ishusho y’uburyo kumviriza telefoni ngendanwa no kuneka ibyo dukorera kuri internet bikorwa. Na we washakisha ukamenya byinshi kuri iyi ngingo ukabasha gusobanukirwa uburyo ubutasi bukorwamo .

Ingingo ushaka ko twazagarukaho mu nkuru zacu zitaha, watwandikira kuri avichris2810@gmail.com

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  • Pascal8 years ago
    Isi yaradutwaye tu! Chris jya ukomeza udusunikire KBS. Urasobanutse rwose.
  • Pascal8 years ago
    Isi yaradutwaye tu! Chris jya ukomeza udusunikire KBS. Urasobanutse rwose.
  • Pascal8 years ago
    Isi yaradutwaye tu! Chris jya ukomeza udusunikire KBS. Urasobanutse rwose.
  • Pascal8 years ago
    Isi yaradutwaye tu! Chris jya ukomeza udusunikire KBS. Urasobanutse rwose.
  • Pascal8 years ago
    Isi yaradutwaye tu! Chris jya ukomeza udusunikire KBS. Urasobanutse rwose.
  • Pascal8 years ago
    Isi yaradutwaye tu! Chris jya ukomeza udusunikire KBS. Urasobanutse rwose.





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