Imyaka itatu irashize Colonel Muammar Gaddafi yishwe - AMATEKA YE

Uyu mugabo yabaye Perezida w’iki gihugu kuva mu mwaka wa 1969 ubwo yari amaze guhirika ubutegetsi bwariho, apfa ku wa 20 ukwakira 2011. Umuryango wa Gaddafi yavukagamo wari ukennye, ukaba uwo mu bwoko buto bwa “Arabized Berbers” ari bo bakunze kwitwa Qaddadfa. Qadhafi yize mu mashuri abanza ya Kiyislamu.

Yarangije amashuri yisumbuye ahitwa Misurata aho yari afite umuntu umwishyurira, icyo gihe mu myigire ye yibandaga cyane ku isomo ry’amateka. Libya nk’igihugu cy’Abarabu, mu bihe byashize  kujya mu gisirikare ndetse no kuba abasirikare bo mu rwego rwo hejuru byabagaho cyane nyuma y’ubwigenge, kuko igisirikare cyatumaga abantu bo mu miryango ikennye bashobora gukomeza za kaminuza, kandi bwari bwo buryo bwonyine bushoboka bwo kwinjira muri politiki ku buryo bwihuse.

Gaddafi yinjiye mu ishuri rya gisirikare rya Benghazi mu 1961 ari kumwe na bamwe mu nshuti ze, bakaba bararangije mu mwaka wa 1965-1966. Nyuma yaho, yoherejwe mu myitozo ya gisirikare mu Bwongereza, muri “Royal Military Academy Sandhurst”.  Ubwo yari mu masomo ya gisirikare, Gaddafi yatangiye gupanga gahunda yo guhirika ingoma ya cyami. Muri aya masomo kandi, yaje no koherezwa muri “Hellenic Military Academy” muri Athens mu Bugereki.

Libya mu maboko ya Gaddafi mu 1969

Ku tariki ya 1 Nzeri 1969, ikipe y’abasirikare bato bari bayobowe na Gaddafi bahiritse ubutegetsi (coup d'état) bw’umwami Idris ubwo yari mu gihugu cya Turkey (Turikiya) yaragiye kwivuza. Mwishywa we, igikomangoma Sayyid Hasan ar-Rida al-Mahdi as-Sanussi yarafashwe arafungwa, maze ingoma ya cyami ivaho ityo, Gaddafi atangaza Repubulika ya Libya (Libyan Arab Republic). Gahunda yo guhirika ingoma ya cyami, ibikorwa byose uko byagenze byateguwe na David Stirling wateguye gukoresha abacanshuro (mercenaries) nyuma yo kwiyegereza umwe mu bagize umuryango w’ibwami.

Uyu Stirling ni we wari warashinze muri kiriya gihugu umutwe udasanzwe wa gisirikare w’ingabo zo mu kirere (Special Air Service) mu 1941. Aba bacanshuro bari bagizwe n’imfungwa 150 za politiki zari zifungiye muri gereza ya Tripoli.

Ubwo yari amaze kuba Perezida, Gaddafi yahinduye igihugu cye umwanzi w’Abanyaburayi nk’uko urubuga rwa interineti wikipedia.org dukesha iyi nkuru rubivuga. Ibi byatumye Abataliyani babaga muri Libya bahambira utwabo ubwo Gaddafi yatangaga itegeko ryo kuhava ubutareba inyuma.

Mu 1970, yashyizeho umwanya wa Minisitiri w’Intebe, ariko kuko byose ari we wabikoraga, yamushyizeho mu 1972. Gusa ngo kimwe n’abandi basirikare bagize uruhare muri Revolisiyo z’ibihugu byabo, Gaddafi ntabwo yizamuye ku ipeti (rank) ry’ikirenga rya General, ahubwo yemeye ibirori byo kumukura ku ipeti rya kapiteni agahabwa koloneli ari naryo yahamyeho kugeza aho yiciwe. Icyo gihe akaba ari bwo yatangiye kwiyita umuyobozi wa kivandimwe.

Mu 1973, Gaddafi yakuyeho amategeko yose maze ashyiraho itegeko rya “Sharia”, ashyiraho umutwe witwara gisirikare yise ko ari uwo kurinda Revolution, akora n’ibindi byinshi nko gukuraho amashuri y’imyuga abana bakigishwa ibitekerezo bye mu gihe cy’impeshyi. Yashyize imbaraga mu bukungu, kompanyi nto z’ubucuruzi zigacungwa n’izigenga ariko zikomeye, naho Leta igacunga izo zikomeye. Yashyize imbaraga kandi mu burezi no mu idini ya Islamu, aho byanagaragaye mu gitabo cye “Green Book” cyagaragaragamo amatwara ye, yagisohoye mu byiciro bitatu, mu 1975 na 1979.

Gaddafi yakurikiye ibitecyerezo bya Gamal Abdel Nasser wayoboraga Misiri byo gukora ubumwe bw’Abarabu. Nyuma y’urupfu rwa Nasser ku itariki ya 28 Nzeri 1970, Gaddafi yatangaje ishyirwaho rya Leta imwe (Federation of Arab Republics) ihuriweho n’ibihugu bya Libya, Misiri na Syria mu 1972, akaba yaratekerezaga guhuza imbaraga z’Abarabu, ariko ibi bihugu bindi birabyanga.

Mu 1974 yasinyanye amasezerano y’ubufatanye n’uwayoboraga Tunisia Habib Bourguiba ariko nayo ntiyagira icyo atanga. Gaddafi yakomeje kugira abamurwanya benshi, haba mu gihugu imbere no hanze yacyo. Nyamara ntiyatinye guhamagarira abo yita ko baharaniye Revolution guhaguruka bagahitana abamurwanya baba mu mahanga, hari mu 1980, asaba ko bakwicwa.

Ku itariki ya 26 Mata 1980, Gaddafi yatanze itariki ntarengwa ya 11 Kamena 1980 ku barwanyaga ubutegetsi bwe bari mu mahanga ko nibaba batarataha bazagwa mu biganza by’itsinda ryaharaniye Revolution.

Ku bwa Gaddafi, ngo kwinjira mu biganiro bya politiki n’abanyamahanga ni icyaha cyahanishwaga igifungo cy’imyaka itatu. Uyu mugabo kandi yakuye indimi z’amahanga mu mashuri. Umwe mu bamurwanyaga (ubwo batangiraga imirwano) yagize ati “Nta n’umwe muri twe ushobora kuvuga Icyongereza cyangwa Igifaransa. Yaradusuzuguye, yaduhinduye impumyi”. Gaddafi kandi yagiye agirana amakimbirane n’abaturanyi be harimo igihugu cya Chad mu 1973 kugeza mu 1987, aho Libya yakuye ingabo zayo mu 1994 nyuma y’impaka zakemuwe n’urukiko mpuzamahanga ku wa 13 Gashyantare 1994.

Mu 1972, Gaddafi yagerageje kugura intwaro za kirimbuzi mu Bushinwa. Mu 1977, yagerageje kugura bombe ya kirimbuzi muri Pakistan, nyuma agura no mu Buhinde. Gaddafi akaba yarashinjwe kenshi gukora intwaro za kirimbuzi, aho igihugu cya Thailand cyavuze ko abaturage bacyo babigizemo uruhare muri Libya mu kubaka aho zibikwa.

U Budage bwo bwakatiye igifungo cy’imyaka itanu bwana Jurgen Hippenstiel-Imhausen azira kugira uruhare mu ikorwa ry’izi ntwaro muri Libya. Ibi byanashimangiwe n’umugenzuzi wa CWC (Chemical Weapons Convention) muri 2004 aho yagaragaje amatoni n’amatoni y’izi ntwaro ndetse n’ibizikorwamo.

Gaddafi yari inshuti ya hafi ya Idi Amin wari Perezida wayoboranye igitugu Uganda, kugeza aho Amin yarongoye umukobwa wa Gaddafi ariko nyuma baza gutandukana. Ku bw’ubucuti bari bafitanye, ubwo Amin yarwanaga na Tanzania, Gaddafi yamwoherereje ingabo zo kumufasha zigera kuri 600. Amin akaba yaraje guhungira muri Libya, nyuma muri Saudi-Arabia. Abantu Gaddafi yafashije bavugwaho ko batari beza na gato ni benshi harimo Jean-Bédel Bokassa (Centre Africa), Mengistu Haile Mariam (Ethiopia), Charles Taylor (Sierra Leone) n’abandi batagize amateka meza na busa ku isi.

Gaddafi yagiye akoresha abahagarariye igihugu cye mu mahanga mu guha akazi ko kwica abatavuga rumwe na we bari hirya no hino ku isi. Umuryango uharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu, “Amnesty International”, watangaje abari bamaze kwicwa muri ubu buryo ko ari 25 hagati ya 1980 na 1987. Nyuma yaho benshi biciwe mu Bwongereza ahaguye abantu 10.

Muri kamena 1984, Gaddafi yavuze ko abantu nk’abo bazakomeza kwicwa, ko ntaho batazicirwa n’iyo haba mu mujyi mutagatifi wa Mecca (Maka). Ntibyatinze, muri Kanama 1984 umwicanyi w’Umunyalibiya yaburijwemo i Mecca agiye kuhatsinda umuntu. Mu 2004, Umunyamakuru w’Umunyalibia w’Umwongereza Ashur Shamis, we yaguzwe miliyoni y’amadolari!

Urupfu rwa Gaddafi

Col. Muammar Gaddafi wari umaze imyaka 42 ari Perezida wa Libya, yari azwi cyane nka perezida warindwaga n’abagore, ndetse akanakunda kwibera mu ihema igihe cyose yasuye amahanga, yanakunze kandi gushyirwa mu majwi n’amahanga kuba yarashyigikiraga udutsiko tw’ibyihebe.

Nyuma y’amezi asaga umunani Gaddafi ahanganye n’abigometse ku butegetsi bwe, ku itariki ya 20 Ukwakira 2011 ntiyabashije kwikura mu maboko y’abamurwanyaga bashyigikiwe na NATO. Amashusho y’umurambo wa Gadaffi yafashwe hakoreshejwe telephone igendanwa akaba yaragaragaye ku rubuga rwa internet aho yagaragaye yaviriranye mu mutwe.

Minisitiri w’Intebe w’akanama k’abari bigometse ku butegesti bwa Gaddafi, Mahmoud Jibril ku munsi w’urupfu rw’uyu mugabo wabaye igihangange ku isi,  yatangaje ko yapfuye azize ibikomere byo ku mutwe byatewe n’isasu yarashwe n’indege za NATO. Gusa ibi benshi babyamaganiye kure bashimangira ko Gaddafi yishwe n’ingabo za CNT yari ihuriwemo n’abarwanya ubutegetsi bwa Colonel Gaddafi.

Manirakiza Théogène