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Boîte noire/Black box igaragaza icyateye impanuka y’indege , ikora gute?

Yanditswe na: Christophe Renzaho
Taliki:23/06/2016 9:17
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Buri gihe iyo indege ikoze impanuka cyangwa ikazimira, mu binyamakuru hakunda kwandikwa ko hakurikiyeho gushakisha Boîte noire/Black box (soma buwate nwari/buraka bogisi) yayo ngo hamenyekane icyateye iyo mpanuka cyangwa icyabaye kuri iyo ndege mbere y’uko izimira.



Boîte noire/Black box ni akuma ko mu ndege gafata amajwi n’ibyerekeye  urugendo kuburyo igihe habaye impanuka indege igasandara, abakora iperereza bamenya impamvu yateye  iyo mpanuka :Niba yarashwe, yari yashimuswe, ikindi kibazo cya tekiniki,…Black box ni inyito ikunda gukoreshwa mu itangazamakuru ariko inzobere mu by'indege bo bazita'electronic flight data recorders'.

Nubwo izina ryayo ryitirirwa kuba ari umukara (noir/black) ariko utu twuma(device) tuba dufite ibara rya orange cyangwa umutuku , tuzengurutswe n’ituzingo tubiri  tw’umweru  tubasha kohereza urumuri (bandes blanches réfléchissantes). Akamaro katwo ni ugufasha abashakashaka indege kubasha kubona ku buryo bworoshye  Boîte noire/Black box igihe indege yashwanyaguritse. Icyo twakwita umutima wa Black box , ahabikwa amakuru aba ayiriho haba hajya kumera nka’ hard disk’ cyangwa  ‘memory card’.

Black box iba igizwe n'ibice 2 :Cockpit Voice Recorder : CVR, ifata amajwi ya ‘Pilote’ uba utwaye indege n’ibiganiro biba biri hagati y’abari mu mwanya abatwara indege bicaramo(Cockpit), amatangazo agenerwa abagenzi avuye muri cockpit , amatangazo mpuruza, ..aya makuru yose CVR  iyafata nibura mu gihe kingana n’amasaha abiri. Ubundi bwoko ni Flight Data Recorder : FDR, ifata ibyerekeye urugendo :umuvuduko w’indege, icyerekezo cy’indege, ubutumburuke iriho ,imikoresherezwe y’amavuta(fuel flow),ubushyuhe buri mu ndege,…FDR ishobora kubika byibuze amakuru y’amasaha 25 y’urugendo . Iyo hagize igihinduka mu migendere y’indege, Black box iracyandika. Nubwo akenshi indege ziba zifite ubu bwoko 2 bufata ibibera mu ndege, mu nyandiko yacyo cyise’ How does a black box work?’, ikinyamakuru cya Deutsche Welle gitangaza ko hari n’utwuma dushobora gufata ibibera mu ndege icyarimwe gusa ngo amabwiriza mpuzamahanga  avuga ko buri ndege igomba kugira CVR na FDR .

Ku ifoto urabona uko muri 'Cockpit' haba hateye. CVR ifata amakuru yose avugirwa aho abatwaye indege bicara

Uku niko CVR na FDR ziba zikoze


FDR iba iri ahagana inyuma ku murizo w'indege

Boîte noire/Black box  bwa mbere zavumbuwe na François Hussenot mu myaka ya  1930. Izigezweho zavumbuwe na Dr David Warren ukomoka muri Australia wari inzobere mu by’ubumenyi bwo kuguruka kw’indege (Aeronautical scientist) wakoraga muri Defence Science and Technology Organisations' Aeronautical Research Laboratory  iherereye mu Mujyi wa Melbourne. Mu ndege zakozwe kera, bisaba ko mbere yo kuyigurutsa, hacanwa Black box ngo ikore ariko mu ndege zigezweho, birikora (automatic).

Boîte noire  ya CVR ishyirwa mu gice cy’imbere cy’indege naho FDR igashyirwa mu gice cyerekera inyuma cy’indege aho twakwita ku murizo wayo kuko ariho iba ifite amahirwe menshi yo kudashwanyagurika igihe habaye impanuka nk’uko bisobanurwa n’ikinyamakuru The Guardian mu nyandiko  cyahaye umutwe ugira uti  ‘ Secrets of the Black box :how does MH370’s flight recorder work’.

Ubu uri kwibaza uti noneho nintega indege njye mfata umwanya w’inyuma kugira ngo indege ninakora impanuka nzabashe kuyirokoka? Yego ibyo wibaza bijya kuba ukuri ariko icyo ukwiriye kumenya ni uko  Black box zo ziba zikozwe kuburyo zishobora gukora hagati y’ubukonje bungana na ‘degre celcius’ (urugero rupimirwaho ubushyuhe cyangwa ubukonje) inshuro 55 inyuma ya zeru(-55˚c) kugeza ku bushyuhe buri hejuru ya zeru inshuro 77(+77 ˚c). Nkuko inyandiko ya The Guardian ikomeza ibigaragaza, ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje kandi ko  iyo utwuma twa Black box turi gukorerwa igerageza, tubasha kurokoka nyamara tumaze isaha dukora turi mu bushyuhe bungana na  degre celcius 1.110 , cyangwa ubushyuhe bungana na degre celcius 260 mu masaha 10. Ikinyamakuru The Business Insider gitangaza ko kuba Black Box iba ikoze gutya ari ukugira ngo ntizasandare mu gihe indege ikoze impanuka bityo abakora ubushakashatsi bazamenye icyateye impanuka. Mu nyandiko igira iti ‘Black Boxes Are Incredible — Here's How They Work And How They Survive’ yo ku wa 20 Werurwe 2014, Business Insider inongeraho ko Black box ifite ubushobozi bwo kumara ukwezi kose mu mazi mu bujyakuzimu bwa km 9.6 (miles 6).

Buri ndege yose ikora ingendo z’ubucuruzi iba iba ifite Black Box igizwe n’akuma gafite’ low-frequency’, gafasha kukabona iyo kageze mu mazi (underwater locator beacon), kuko gahita kaka iyo kageze mu mazi, kakaba kabasha kohereza ibimenyetso mpuruza mu buryo bw’amajwi (continuous pinging noise)  nibura kuva muri km 4 z’ubujyakuzimu. Iba ifite batiri (battery ) imara iminsi 30 nubwo ubushyuhe n’ubujyakuzimu bw’amazi bishobora gutuma iminsi yayo iba mikeya. Iyi ninayo mpamvu bikigoranye kubona MH370 ya Malaysia Airlines yazimiye iva  Kuala Lumpur  yerekeza  Beijing, mu myaka 2 ishize.

Kugira ngo wumve neza ko Black box zirokoka impanuka y’indege ku kigero cya 100%, twafatira urugero rw’iz’ indege ya  Air France 447 yaguye mu nyanjya ya Atlantika muri Kamena 2009 ariko nyuma y’imyaka 2 iyi mpanuka ibaye, Black boxes  zabonywe zikiri nzima. Gusa CNN itangaza ko kugira ngo zibonywe byatwaye miliyoni 40 z'amaorali ya Amerika.

Ubwo indege MH370 yazimiraga, bamwe bibwiye ko abari bayitwaye wenda bazimije Black Box zombi zayo. Steve Abdu umaze igihe kinini atwara indege,yatangarije Business Insider ko bidashoboka ko umu’pilote’  azimya Black Box.

AF447 Rio-Paris plane flight data record

Black boxes za Air France 447 zabonetse nyuma y'imyaka 2 indege ikoze impanuka

Black boxes zatumye hamenyekana icyabey ku ndehe ya Air France 447 yahitanye abantu 228

Ingero z’aho Black boxes zifashishijwe ngo hamenyakane impamvu yateye impanuka z’indege ni nyinshi, ariko muri iyi nkuru reka dukomereze ku rugero twafashe haruguru rwa Air France 447.

Mu ijoro ryo ku itariki 1 Kamena 2009, indege ya Air France yakoraga urugendo rwiswe  447 yavaga  Rio de Janeiro muri Brazil yerekeza i Paris mu Bufaransa yaburiwe irengero irimo abagenzi 216 n’abakozi bayo  12. Iyi ndege yo mu bwoko bwa Airbus A330-200 yaburiye hagati mu Nyanja , ibyuma bya ‘Radar’ ntibyabasha kubona irengero ryayo. Hashize iminsi 5, hataramenyekana impamvu y’izimira ryayo. Nubwo nyuma ibisigazwa byaje kuboneka ariko hari hacyibazwa impamvu nyakuri yatumye igwa mu nyanja.

Aya niyo majwi yakuwe muri CVR agaragaza ikiganiro cyanyuma abari muri’cockpit’ bagiranye mbere gato y’uko impanuka iba.

02:13:40 (co-pilot David Robert): "Yizamure … Yizamure … Yizamure… Yizamure …"

02:13:40 (co-pilot Pierre-Cédric Bonin): "Ariko nahoze mfashe icyuma kiyizamura kuva kare"

02:13:42 (Captain Marc Dubois): "Oya, Oya, Oya … Wizamuka … oya, oya."

02:13:43 (Robert): "Manuka … Mpereza mbikore … Mpereza abe arinjye utwara!"

Muri ako kanya Robert niwe wahise atangira gutwara, indege arayimanura . Bitunguranye ijwi ritabaza ryahise ryumvikana, ribamenyesha ko bari kwegera cyane amazi y’inyanja.

02:14:23 (Robert): "Asyi, tugiye  kugwa … ibi ntibishoboka!"

02:14:27 (Dubois): "Degre 10 ngo tugere hasi …"

...Amajwi ni aho yahereye.

Nyuma yo kwiga amajwi yo muri black box ,abakoraga iperereza bemeje ko uburyo butuma indege yiyibora (autopilot) bwahise bwangirika nyuma y’ikubita ry’inkuba , ari nabyo byatumye abari bayitwaye batarabonaga neza umuvuduko wanyawo indege yagenderagaho ,bananirwa kuyisubiza kumurongo bituma abantu 228 bari bayirimo bahasiga ubuzima. Iyobera ryari rimaze imyaka 2 nibwo ryabashije gusobanuka, icyateye impanuka kiramenyekana.

The Guardian itangaza ko kompanyi zabasha gusuzuma no kwiga ibiri kuri Black Box ari nkeya cyane ku isi. Iki kinyamakuru kinongeraho ko bitwara nibura ibyumweru cyangwa amezi kugira ngo abakora iperereza babashe kumenya neza icyatumye indege isandara bagendeye ku makuru aba ari kuri Black box gusa icyo twakwemeza ni uko hatariho Black Boxes, impanuka zimwe z’indege zazaba amayobera iteka ryose.

Iyi ni incamake ku miterere n’imikorere ya Boîte noire/Black box. Iyi nkuru twayiteguye tugendeye ku busabe bw’umukunzi wacu. Na we niba ahari ingingo ufiteho amatsiko wumva twazagarukaho mu nkuru zacu zitaha, ohereza ubutumwa bwawe kuri email :info@inyarwanda.com

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Urutonde rw'indege zaburiwe irengero n’abari bazirimo inyinshi bikavugwa ko zaba zaratwawe n’ibivejuru

Imyaka 2 irashize indege MH370 iburiwe irengero . Ibintu 10 bikekwa guturukaho izimira ryayo n’abagenzi 229 

Ibyo ukwiye kumenya ku ndege yahungishirizwamo Perezida wa Amerika habaye igisa n’imperuka 

Ku isaha imwe indege ya Perezida wa Amerika ikoresha miliyoni zisaga 135-Tumwe mu dushya tuyigize






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